Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 I ntroduction
1．1 Reverse Osmosis Fundamentals
1．1．1 Key Components of the Desalination Plant Treatment Process
1．1．2 Key Performance Parameters of RO Systems
1．1．3 Desalination Plant Classification and Configuration
1．1．4 Criteria for Well—Operating Plants
1．2 Source Water Quality Characterization
1．2．1 Minerals
1．2．2 Dissolved Gases
1．2．3 Particulate Foulants and Measurement Methods
1．2．4 Colloidal Foulants
1．2．5 Mineral Membrane—Scaling Compounds
1．2．6 Natural Organic Foulants
1．2．7 Microbiological Foulants and Membrane Biofouling
1．2．8 Pathogens
1．2．9 Oxidants
1．2．10 Compounds That Could Damage RO Membranes
1．2．11 Compounds Impacting Discharge Quality
References
2 Source Water Intakes
2．1 Open Intakes
2．1．1 Inlet Structure and Coarse Screens
2．1．2 Intake Water Conduit
2．1．3 Intake Screens
2．1．4 Intake Pump Station
2．2 Subsurface Intakes
2．2．1 Purpose and Function
2．2．2 Routine Operation
2．2．3 Performance Monitoring
2．2．4 Maintenance
2．2．5 Troubleshooting
References
3 Source Water Pretreatment
3．1 Source Water Chemical Conditioning Systems
3．1．1 Coagulant Feed Systems
3．1．2 Flocculant Feed Systems
3．1．3 Scale Inhibitor Feed Systems
3．1．4 Biocide Feed Systems
3．1．5 Dechlorination Feed Systems
3．1．6 Acid Feed Systems
3．1．7 Sodium Hydroxide Feed Systems
3．1．8 Summary of Typical Operational Problems of Source Water Conditioning and Troubleshooting
3．2 Dissolved Air Flotation Clarifiers
3．2．1 Purpose and Function
3．2．2 Routine Operation
3．2．3 Performance Monitoring
3．2．4 Maintenance
3．2．5 Troubleshooting
3．3 Granular Media Pretreatment Filters
3．3．1 Purpose and Function
3．3．2 Routine Operation
3．3．3 Performance Monitoring
3．3．4 Maintenance
3．3．5 Troubleshooting
3．4 Membrane Pretreatment Filters
3．4．1 Purpose and Function
3．4．2 Routine Operation
3．4．3 Performance Monitoring
3．4．4 Maintenance
3．4．5 Troubleshooting
3．5 Cartridge Filters
3．5．1 Purpose and Function
3．5．2 Routine Operation
3．5．3 Performance Monitoring
3．5．4 Troubleshooting
References
4 Reverse Osmosis System Operation
4．1 Reverse Osmosis Desalination System
4．1．1 Key RO System Components
4．1．2 Purpose and Function
4．2 Routine RO System Operation
4．2．1 Maintaining RO System Fresh Water Production Rate
4．2．2 Maintaining RO System Permeate Quality
4．2．3 Alternative Approaches for RO System Operation
4．2．4 RO System Startup
4．2．5 Key Routine Operational Tasks
4．3 Performance Monitoring
4．3．1 Performance Data Collection
4．3．2 Impacts of Source Water and Operational Parameters on RO System Performance
4．3．3 Performance Data Analysis and Normalization
4．4 RO System Maintenance
4．4．1 RO Membrane Flushing and Preservation
4．4．2 RO Membrane Cleaning
4．4．3 RO Membrane Rotation
4．4．4 RO Membrane Replacement
References
5 Reverse Osmosis System Troubleshooting
5．1 Overview of RO System Performance Challenges
5．2 RO Process Performance Challenges
5．2．1 Permeate Production Below Target Flow Rate
5．2．2 Inadequate Permeate Water Quality
5．2．3 Excessive Membrane Cleaning Frequency and Energy Use
5．3 Diagnostics of RO Membrane System Performance
5．3．1 Diagnostics of RO Membrane Integrity and Fouling Issues
5．3．2 Diagnostics of Membrane Fouling and Scaling Issues
5．3．3 Membrane Autopsy
5．4 Key Equipment Performance Issues and Troubleshooting Solutions
5．4．1 RO High—Pressure Feed Pumps
5．4．2 Energy Recovery Systems
References
6 Post—Treatment
6．1 Introduction
6．2 Lime／Carbon Dioxide Post—Treatment Systems
6．2．1 Purpose and Function
6．2．2 Routine Operation
6．2．3 Performance Monitoring
6．2．4 Maintenance
6．2．5 Troubleshooting
6．3 Calcite Conditioning Systems
6．3．1 Purpose and Function
6．3．2 Routine Operation
6．3．3 Performance Monitoring
6．3．4 Maintenance
6．3．5 Troubleshooting
6．4 Remineralization by Mixing of Desalinated and Source Waters
6．4．1 Purpose and Function
6．4．2 Routine Operation
6．4．3 Performance Monitoring
6．4．4 Maintenance
6．4．5 Troubleshooting
6．5 Disinfection Systems
6．5．1 Purpose and Function
6．5．2 Disinfection Methods
6．5．3 Routine Operation， Performance Monitoring， Maintenance， and Troubleshooting
References
7 Desalination Plant Discharge Management
7．1 Introduction
7．1．1 Concentrate
7．1．2 Backwash Water
7．1．3 Other Nonconcentrate Side Streams
7．2．Concentrate Discharge to Surface Waters
7．2．1 Purpose and Function
7．2．2 Routine Operation
7．2．3 Monitoring of Discharge Water Quantity and Quality
7．2．4 Maintenance and Troubleshooting
7．3 Backwash Settling and Sludge Dewatering Systems
7．3．1 Purpose and Function
7．3．2 Routine Operation
7．3．3 Performance Monitoring
7．3．4 Maintenance
7．3．5 Troubleshooting
References
8 Equipment Maintenance
8．1 Introduction
8．2 Pumps
8．2．1 Purpose and Function
8．2．2 Routine Inspection and Maintenance Considerations
8．2．3 Troubleshooting
8．3 Air Blowers
8．3．1 Purpose and Function
8．3．2 Routine Inspection and Maintenance
8．4 Motors
8．4．1 Purpose and Function
8．4．2 Routine Inspection and Maintenance
8．4．3 Troubleshooting
8．5 Bearings
8．5．1 Purpose and Function
8．5．2 Routine Inspection and Maintenance
8．5．3 Troubleshooting
8．6 Valves
8．6．1 Butterfly Valves
8．6．2 Plug Valves
8．6．3 Ball Valves
8．6．4 Check Valves
8．6．5 Gate Valves
8．6．6 Diaphragm Valves
8．7 Mechanical Seals
8．7．1 Purpose and Functions
8．7．2 Inspection， Maintenance， and Troubleshooting
8．8 Mechanical Drives
8．8．1 Purpose and Function
8．8．2 Inspection， Maintenance， and Troubleshooting
8．9 Chemical Feed Systems
8．9．1 Purpose and Function
8．9．2 Inspection， Maintenance， and Troubleshooting
8．10 Automatic Samplers
8．10．1 Purpose and Function
8．10．2 Inspection， Maintenance， and Troubleshooting
Reference
Glossary
Index
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