Contents
Preface
Part One Tunneling through the“Environmental Mountain”
Decoupling Indicators and Decoupling Charts
Chapter 1 Tunneling through the “Environmental Mountain” (Ⅰ) 3
11 Introduction3
12 Theoretical analysis5
13 Examples 7
131 Examples on the national level 7
132 Examples on provincial level9
14 Estimation of environmental load of China 10
15 Conclusion 12
References 12
Chapter 2 Equations for Resource Use and Waste Emission 14
21 IPAT equation14
22 IGT equation—Resource use in the process of economic growth16
221 IGT equation 16
222 Another form of IGT equation 18
223 Critical value of t 20
224 Reasonable coordination between g and t 22
23 IeGTX equation—Waste emission in the process of economic growth23
231 IeGTX equation 23
232 Another form of IeGTX equation 25
233 Critical value of x 26
Chapter 3 Tunneling through the “Environmental Mountain”(Ⅱ) 30
31 Introduction30
32 Theoretical analysis30
321 Resource use 30
322 Waste emission 32
33 Examples 34
34 Estimation of environmental load of China 34
References 34
Chapter 4 Decoupling Indicators and Decoupling Charts 35
41 Introduction35
42 The decoupling indicator for resource use36
43 The decoupling indicator for waste emission37
44 Decoupling chart38
441 Decoupling chart for resource use 38
442 Decoupling chart for waste emission 39
45 Examples on the national level 39
451 Data collection 39
452 Decoupling situations for the USA and China 40
453 Discussion 41
46 Conclusion 42
References 42
Appendix 1 Discussion on the decoupling factor (Df) 43
Appendix 2 Discussion on the elasticity45
Chapter 5 Decoupling Analysis of Four Selected Countries 48
51 Introduction48
52 Methods and data49
521 Decoupling indicators and decoupling chart 49
522 Data collection 49
53 Results51
531 Decoupling of DEU 51
532 Decoupling of energy use 52
533 Decoupling of SO2 emissions 53
54 Discussion54
541 Discussion on the different decoupling conditions of these four countries 54
542 Distinguishing decoupling indicator from the changing rate of resource use & waste emissions 56
55 Conclusions58
References 60
Part Two Substance Flow Analysis
Chapter 6 Two Approaches of Substance Flow Analysis 65
61 Introduction65
62 Some notes on fluid mechanics65
63 Specific feature of substance flow67
631 The chain of product life cycles 68
632 The chain group of product life cycles 68
64 The L method of substance flow analysis70
641 The L model of unsteady substance flow 70
642 The L model of steady substance flow 71
65 The E method of substance flow analysis71
651 The E model of unsteady substance flow 72
652 The E model of steady substance flow 73
66 Discussion74
67 Conclusion 75
References 76
Chapter 7 An Alternative Way of Substance Flow Analysis 77
71 Introduction77
72 Methods for studying substance flow 77
73 Modeling of substance flow 80
74 Basic equations of substance flow82
75 Illustrative example87
76 Concluding remarks 89
References 90
Chapter 8 On Steel Scrap Resources for Steel Industry 91
81 Introduction91
82 Analysis92
821 Several different sources of steel scrap 92
822 Steel scrap index 93
823 The relationship between output of steel and steel scrap index 93
83 Case study—The estimation of steel scrap index for China， the USA and Japan 96
831 Variation of annual output of steel 96
832 Method of estimating steel scrap index 96
833 The estimation of steel scrap index 98
834 Summary 99
84 Discussions 100
841 China 100
842 USA 100
843 Japan 100
85 Conclusions 100
References 101
Chapter 9 Eco-efficiency of Lead in China’s Lead-acid Battery System 102
91 Introduction 102
911 Background 102
912 The present study 103
92 Primary regulations 105
921 Methodology: The lead-flow diagram in the LAB system 105
922 Results and discussion 108
93 A Case study: The eco-efficiency of lead in China’s LAB system 110
931 Brief description of lead flow in the LAB system 110
932 Data sources 111
933 Results and discussion 112
94 Conclusions 115
References 116
Chapter 10 Copper Recycling in China 118
101 Introduction 118
1011 Background 118
1012 The investigative status quo of copper recycling in China and abroad 119
102 Copper-flow diagram for copper products life cycle 120
103 An analysis of copper recycling for China in 2002 122
1031 A copper-flow diagram for copper products life cycle for China in 2002 124
1032 The copper ore index， copper resource efficiency and copper
scrap index of the copper industry for China in 2002 125
104 Results and discussion 127
105 Conclusions 129
References 131
Chapter 11 Bulk-Material Flow Analysis 133
111 Introduction 133
112 Basic B-MFA model 133
113 Hidden flows 136
114 Recyclable resources 138
1141 Categories of recyclable resources 138
1142 The recycling time of resources 138
1143 The difference between amounts of recycled materials in the years τ and (τ +1) 138
1144 The influence of total input amount of resources on the cyclical use rate (m3，τ ) 139
115 Two important B-MFA indicators 142
116 Case study on national level 143
References 150
Chapter 12 Resou
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