Preface
PART I SOIL
Chapter I The forms and availability of PAHs in soil
1．1 The forms of PAHs in soil
1．1．1 Fractionation methods of PAH residues in soil
1．1．2 Desorbing fraction of PAHs in soil
1．1．3 Non-desorbing fraction of PAHs in soil
1．1．4 Bound residues of PAHs in soil
1．2 The availability of PAHs in soil
1．2．1 Available fractions of PAHs in soils as a function of aging time
1．2．2 Microbial degradation of available fractions of PAHs in soils
1．2．3 Transformation of available fraction of PAHs to bound residue in soils
1．2．4 Butanol-extraction technique for predicting the availability of PAHs in soil
1．2．5 Phytoavailability ofbound-PAH residues in soils
Chapter 2 Gradient distribution of PAl-Is in rhizosphere soil
2．1 Gradient distribution of PAHs in rhizosphere soil： a greenhouse experiment．．
2．1．1 Gradient distribution of phenanthrene and pyrene in rhizosphere
2．1．2 Gradient distribution of root exudates in rhizosphere
2．1．3 The correlations of PAH concentration gradient with the cone entration gradient of root exudates in rhizosphere
2．2 In situ gradient distribution of PAHs in rhizosphere soil： a field study
2．2．1 In situ gradient distribution of PAHs in rhizosphere soil
2．2．2 Rhizosphere effects on PAH distribution in soil
2．3 Rhizospheric gradient distribution of bound-PAH residues in soils
2．3．1 Gradient distribution of bound-PAH residues in rhizosphere
2．3．2 Mechanism ofrhizospheric gradient distribution ofbound-PAH residues in soils
Chapter 3 Partition of PAHs among soil， water and plant root
3．1 Sorption of PAHs by soils with heavy metal co-contaminants
3．1．1 Sorption isotherms of phenanthrene by soils
3．1．2 Sorption of phenanthrene by heavy metal-contaminated soils
3．1．3 Mechanisms of the heavy metal enhanced-sorption ofphenanthrene by soils．
3．2 Dissolved organic matter （DOM） influences the partition of PAHs between soil and water
3．2． l Effect of inherent DOM on phenanthrene sorption by soils
3．2．2 Effect of exotic DOM on phenanthrene sorption by soils
3．3 Partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between plant root and water
3．3．1 Partition ofphenanthrene between roots and water
3．3．2 Estimation of partition coefficient ofphenanthrene between root and water using a composition model
3．3．3 Partition ofphenanthrene between root cell walls and water
Chapter 4 Impact of root exudates on the sorption， desorption and availability
of PAHs in soil
4．1 Impact of PAHs on root exudate release in rhizosphere
4．1．1 Impact of PAH contamination levels on root exudation in rhizosphere
4．1．2 Distribution of root exudates in different layers ofrhizosphere soil
4．2 Impact of root exudates on PAH sorption by soils
4．2．1 Root exudate component-influenced sorption of PAH by soil
4．2．2 Mechanism discussions
4．3 Impact of root exudates on PAH desorption from soils
4．3．1 Desorption of PAHs from soils as a function of root exudate concentration
4．3．2 PAH desorption by root exudates in different soils
4．3．3 Effects of soil aging on PAH desorption by root exudates from soil
4．3．4 Desorption of different PAHs by root exudates in soil
4．3．5 Impact of root exudate components on PAH desorption in soil
4．3．6 Dissolved organic matter in soils with the addition of root exudates
4．4 Impact of root exudates on PAH availabilities in soils
4．4．1 Impact of root exudates on n-butanol-extractable pyrene in soil
4．4．2 Impact of root exudate components on the n-butanol-extractable pyrene in soil
4．4．3 Mechanisms by which root exudate and its components influence PAH availa- bility in soil
Chapter 5 Low-molecular-weight organic acids （LMWOAs） influence the transport and fate of PAHs in soil
5．1 LMWOAs-influence the PAH sorption by different soil particle size fractions
5．1．1 Fractionation protocol of different soil particle size fractions
5．1．2 PAH sorption by different soil particle size fractions
5．1．3 Effects of LMWOAs on PAH sorption by different soil particle size fractions．．
5．1．4 Mechanisms of LMWOA-influenced PAH sorption by different soil particle size fractions
5．2 LMWOAs enhance the PAH desorption from soil
5．2．1 LMWOA-enhanced desorption of PAH from PAH-spiked soil
5．2．2 LMWOA-enhanced desorption of PAHs from soils collected from a PAH- contaminated site
5．2．3 Mechanisms ofLMWOA-enhanced desorption of PAHs from soils
5．3 Impact of LMWOAs on the availability of PAHs in soil
5．3．1 Impact of LMWOAs on the butanol-extractable PAHs in soils
5．3．2 Mechanism discussions
5．4 Elution of soil PAHs using LMWOAs
5．4． I Elution of PAHs in soil columns by LMWOAs
5．4．2 Distributions of PAHs in soil columns
5．4．3 Butanol-extractable and nonextractable PAHs in soil columns
5．4．4 Impact of soil type on PAH elution
5．4．5 Mechanisms of LMWOA-enhanced elution of soil PAHs
5．4．6 Relationship between the elution of PAHs and the dissolution of metal ions．
5．5 LMWOAs enhance the release of bound PAH residues in soil
5．5．1 The release of bound PAH residues in soils as a function of incubation time．
5．5．2 LMWOA-enhanced release of bound PAH residues in soil
PART II PLANT
Chapter 6 Uptake， accumulation and translocation of PAlls in plants
6．1 Uptake pathways of PAHs in plants
6．1．1 Root uptake of PAHs
6．1．2 Shoot accumulation of PAHs
6．1．3 Uptake time and PAH concentration influence their uptake by plants
6．2 Accumulation and translocation of PAHs in plants with different compositions
6．2．1 Accumulation of PAils in roots
6．2．2 Accumulation of PAHs in shoots
6．2．3 Translocation of PAHs in plant
6．3 Comparison for plant uptake of PAHs from soil and water
6．3．1 Plant uptake of PAHs from water
6．3．2 Plant uptake of PAHs from soil
6．3．3 Comparison for plant uptake of PAHs from soil and water
Chapter 7 Subcellular distribution of PAl-Is in plants
7．1 PAH distribution in subcellular root tissues
7．1．1 Fractionation protocol of root subcellular tissues
7．1．2 Uptake of PAHs by roots
7．1．3 Subcellular movement and distribution of PAHs in root cells
7．2 Subcellular distribution of PAHs in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots
7．2．1 PAH concentrations in subcellular tissues of arbuscular mycorrhizal roots
7．2．2 Subcellular concentration factors of PAH in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots
7．2．3 Proportion of PAH in subcellular tissues of arbuscular mycorrhizal roots
Chapter 8 Metabolism of PAHs in plants
8．1 Metabolism of anthracene in tall fescue
8．1．1 Metabolism of anthracene in tall fescue
8．1．2 Distribution of anthracene and its metabolites in subcellular tissues
8．1．3 Metabolism mechanism discussion
8．2 Enzyme activity in tall fescue contaminated by PAHs
8．2．1 Enzyme activity in tall fescue
8．2．2 Enzyme activity in subcellular fractions of tall fescue
8．3 Inhibitor reduces enzyme activity and enhances PAH accumulation in tall fescue
8．3．1 In vitro degradation of PAHs in solution with enzymes
8．3．2 Effects of inhibitor on enzyme activities in plants
8．3．3 Effects of inhibitor on the enhanced accumulation of PAH in plants
Chapter 9 Arbuseular mycorrhizal fungi influence PAH uptake by plants
9．1 PAH uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants
9．1．1 Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of root exposed to PAHs in soil
9．1．2 PAH uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants
9．2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae contribute to PAH uptake by plant
9．2．1 Three-compartment systems
9．2．2 Mycorrhizal root colonization and plant biomass
9．2．3 Concentrations of PAHs in mycorrhizal roots
9．2．4 Partition coefficients of PAHs by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae
9．2．5 Translocation of PAHs by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae
Chapter 10 Utilizing PAH-degrading endophytic bacteria to reduce the plant PAil contamination
10．1 Distribution of endophytic bacteria in plants from PAH-contaminated soils
10．1．1 PAH concentrations in plants from PAH-contaminated soils
10．1．2 Endophytic bacterial community in PAH-contaminated plants
10．1．3 Cultivable endophytic bacterial populations in PAH-contaminated plants．．
10．1．4 Amounts of cultivable endophytic bacteria in PAH-contaminated plants
10．2 Inoculating plants with the endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas sp． Ph6-g~v to reduce phenanthrene contamination
10．2．1 Isolation， identification， and gfp-labeling of Pseudomonas sp． Ph6
10．2．2 Biodegradation of phenanthrene by Ph6-gfp in culture solution
10．2．3 Colonization and distribution of Ph6-gfp in plants
10．2．4 Performances of Ph6-g/'p mediate the uptake ofphenanthrene by plants
10．3 Utilizing endophytic bacterium Staphylococcus sp． B J06 to reduce plant pyrene contamination
10．3．1 Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus sp． BJ06
10．3．2 Biodegradation ofpyrene by BJ06 in culture solution
10．3．3 Reducing plant pyrene contamination using strain B J06
References
Plates
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