沼气技术与工程

Chapter 1　Introduction to Biogas
1.1 Biogas Origin & Nomenclature / 1
1.2 International Biogas History / 2
1.3 Biogas Digester Development in China / 7
1.3.1 First Stage-Luo Guorui Biodigester / 7
1.3.2 Second Stage-Long-distance, Big and Deep Digester / 7
1.3.3 Third Stage-Round, Small and Shallow Digester / 8
1.3.4 Fourth Stage-Mini-size and High-efficiency Digester / 8
1.3.5 Fifth Stage-Commercialized Fiberglass Digester / 9
1.4 Biogas Characteristics / 9
1.4.1 Biogas Components / 9
1.4.2 Biogas Terminologies / 10
1.4.2.1 Total Solids (TS) / 10
1.4.2.2 Volatile Solids (VS) / 10
1.4.2.3 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) / 11
1.4.2.4 Gas Production Rate (GPS) / 11
1.4.2.5 Organic Space Loading Rate (OLR) / 12
1.4.2.6 Gas Production Rate of Materials (GPRM) / 13
1.4.2.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) / 14
1.4.2.8 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) / 14
1.4.2.9 The Relationship of the Biogas Parameters / 15
　　Chapter 2　Biochemistry and Microbiology of Biogas Fermentation
2.1 Three Steps of Biogas Fermentation / 17
2.2 Microbes in Three-step of Biogas Fermentation / 19
2.2.1 Biogas Microbes in Nature / 19
2.2.2 Groups and Actions of Non-methane-producing Microbes / 20
2.2.2.1 Variety of Non-methane-producing Microbes / 21
2.2.2.2 Amount of Non-methane-producing Microbes / 23
2.3 Estimation and Calculation of the Amount of Methane Produced from Organic Compounds / 24
2.4 Anaerobic Digestive Process of Complex Organic Compounds / 26
2.4.1 The Degradation of Carbohydrates / 26
2.4.1.1 Anaerobic Degradation of Glucose / 26
2.4.1.2 Anaerobic Degradation of Cellulose / 27
2.4.1.3 The Metabolism of Semi-cellulose, Pectin-gel, Starch, and Cellulose under Anaerobic Conditions / 29
2.4.2 Metabolism of Lipids / 29
2.4.3 Metabolism of Protein / 30
2.5 Fermentative Bacteria / 31
2.5.1 Cellulose-splitting Bacteria / 31
2.5.2 Semi-cellulose-splitting Bacteria / 32
2.5.3 Starch-splitting Bacteria / 32
2.5.4 Protein-splitting Bacteria / 32
2.5.5 Fat-splitting Bacteria / 33
2.6 The Obligate H2-producing Acetogenic Bacteria / 33
2.7 Hydrogen-producing Acetogenic Bacteria in Aqua of Biogas Fermentation / 36
2.7.1 Hydrogen-Producing Acetogenic Bacteria in Biogas Fer- mentation Liquid / 36
2.7.2 Other Specific Bacteria / 36
2.8 Methane-producing Bacteria and Their Classification / 37
2.8.1 Classification and Identification of Methane-producing Bacteria / 37
2.8.1.1 Characteristics of Methane-producing Bacteria / 37
2.8.1.2 The Third Fashion of Life / 38
2.8.1.3 Morphology and Classification of Methane-producing Bacteria / 39
2.8.2 Metabolic Substrates of Methane-producing Bacteria / 44
2.8.3 Theory of Methane Formation / 45
2.8.3.1 Theory of Carbon Dioxide Reduction / 45
2.8.3.2 Theory of Methyl Group Directly Convert to Methane / 45
2.8.3.3 Barker's Hypothesis / 45
2.8.4 Methane Formation Metabolized by Acetate and Formate / 46
2.8.5 Methane Original / 47
2.9 Relationship Between Different Biogas Microbes / 47
　　Chapter 3　Technology of Biogas Fermentation
3.1 Strict Anaerobic Environment / 50
3.2 Temperature / 51
3.3 pH Value / 53
3.4 Feedstock for Biogas Fermentation / 54
3.4.1 Properties and Classification of Feedstock / 54
3.4.1.1 Nitrogen-rich Raw Material / 54
3.4.1.2 Carbon-rich Raw Material / 54
3.4.2 Properties of Common Feedstock in Gas Production / 55
3.4.2.1 Rate of Gas Production of Feedstock / 56
3.4.2.2 Speed of Gas Production / 56
3.4.3 Proportion of Feedstock / 57
3.4.3.1 Ratio of Carbon and Nitrogen (C/N) / 57
3.4.3.2 Manure: Straw Ratio / 58
3.5 Concentration / 59
3.6 Seeding Materials / 62
3.6.1 Function of Seeding Materials / 62
3.6.2 Enrichment and Culture of Seeding Materials / 63
3.6.3 Source of Seeding Materials / 63
3.6.4 Amount of Seeding Material / 64
3.7 Management / 64
3.7.1 Supplement of Fresh Raw Materials / 64
3.7.2 Frequent Stirring / 64
3.7.3 Keep Fermentative Temperature / 65
3.7.4 Frequent Check of Biogas Devices / 65
3.7.5 Discharging Digesters / 65
3.7.6 Fermentation Inhibitors / 65
3.7.7 Safety & Biogas Appliances / 66
3.8 Inspection and Maintenance of the Biogas Digester / 69
3.8.1 Leak Test of the Biogas Digester / 69
3.8.1.1 Test Methods / 69
3.8.1.2 Air Leakage Standard / 70