Contents
目.录
Chapter 1 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology…………………………………………………………………………… 1 Cellular Injury ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Cellular Death ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 agIng anD altereD Cellular anD tIssue BIology …………………………………………………… 11 somatIC Death ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Chapter 2 Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases ………………………………………………………………… 13 DIstrIButIon of BoDy fluIDs anD eleCtrolytes ………………………………………………………… 13 alteratIons In Water movement …………………………………………………………………………… 15 soDIum, ChlorIDe, anD Water BalanCe …………………………………………………………………… 16 alteratIons In soDIum, ChlorIDe, anD Water BalanCe …………………………………………… 18 alteratIons In PotassIum anD other eleCtrolytes ………………………………………………… 21 aCID-Base BalanCe ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 aCID-Base ImBalanCes……………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
Chapter 3 Stress and Disease ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 33 hIstorICal BaCkgrounD anD general ConCePts ……………………………………………………… 33 the stress resPonse ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37 stress, PersonalIty, CoPIng, anD Illness ………………………………………………………………… 46
Chapter 4 Biology of Cancer ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 50 CanCer termInology anD CharaCterIstICs……………………………………………………………… 50 the BIology of CanCer Cells …………………………………………………………………………………… 51 ClInICal manIfestatIons of CanCer ………………………………………………………………………… 61 DIagnosIs, CharaCterIzatIon, anD treatment of CanCer………………………………………… 63
Chapter 5 Cancer Epidemiology ………………………………………………………………………………………… 67 genetICs, ePIgenetICs, anD tIssue …………………………………………………………………………… 68 In utero anD early lIfe ConDItIons ………………………………………………………………………… 68 envIronmental-lIfestyle faCtors ………………………………………………………………………… 68
Chapter 6 Pain, Temperature and Sleep ………………………………………………………………………………… 80 PaIn ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80 temPerature regulatIon………………………………………………………………………………………… 86 sleeP ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 90
Chapter 7 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function ……………… 92
alteratIons In CognItIve systems …………………………………………………………………………… 92
alteratIons In CereBral hemoDynamICs ………………………………………………………………… 106
alteratIons In neuromotor funCtIon …………………………………………………………………… 109
Chapter 8 Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction ……… 113 Central nervous system DIsorDers ………………………………………………………………………… 113 PerIPheral nervous system anD neuromusCular junCtIon DIsorDers ……………………… 131
Chapter 9 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ……………………………………………………………………… 133 meChanIsms of hormonal alteratIons…………………………………………………………………… 133 alteratIons of the hyPothalamIC-PItuItary system ……………………………………………… 134 alteratIons of thyroID funCtIon …………………………………………………………………………… 139 alteratIons of ParathyroID funCtIon …………………………………………………………………… 143 DysfunCtIon of the enDoCrIne PanCreas: DIaBetes mellItus …………………………………… 144 alteratIons of aDrenal funCtIon ………………………………………………………………………… 154 tumors of the aDrenal meDulla …………………………………………………………………………… 157
Chapter 10 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System …………………………………………………… 159 ComPonents of the hematologIC system ………………………………………………………………… 159 meChanIsms of hemostasIs ……………………………………………………………………………………… 165 antICoagulant system …………………………………………………………………………………………… 169
Chapter 11 Alterations of Hematologic Function……………………………………………………………………… 171 alteratIons of erythroCyte funCtIon …………………………………………………………………… 171 alteratIons of leukoCyte funCtIon ……………………………………………………………………… 179 hemorrhagIC DIsorDers anD alteratIons of Platelets anD CoagulatIon ……………… 185
Chapter 12 Regulation of Cardiovascular Function ………………………………………………………………… 194 the CIrCulatory system ………………………………………………………………………………………… 194 the systemIC CIrCulatIon ……………………………………………………………………………………… 197
Chapter 13 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function ………………………………………………………………… 205 DIseases of the arterIes ………………………………………………………………………………………… 205 manIfestatIons of heart DIsease …………………………………………………………………………… 225 shoCk …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 230
Chapter 14 Function of the Pulmonary System ……………………………………………………………………… 241
funCtIon of the Pulmonary system ………………………………………………………………………… 241
Chapter 15 Alterations of Pulmonary Function ……………………………………………………………………… 251 ClInICal manIfestatIons of Pulmonary alteratIons ……………………………………………… 251 Pulmonary DIsorDers …………………………………………………………………………………………… 258
Chapter 16 Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems …………………………………………………………… 280 regulatIon of renal BlooD floW …………………………………………………………………………… 280 kIDney funCtIon …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 281 tests of renal funCtIon ………………………………………………………………………………………… 285
Chapter 17 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function ……………………………………………………… 288 urInary traCt oBstruCtIon …………………………………………………………………………………… 288 urInary traCt InfeCtIon ………………………………………………………………………………………… 295 glomerular DIsorDers …………………………………………………………………………………………… 298 aCute kIDney Injury ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 301 ChronIC kIDney DIsease…………………………………………………………………………………………… 305
Chapter 18 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System ……………………………………………………… 311 Chapter 19 Alterations of Digestive Function ………………………………………………………………………… 331
DIsorDers of the gastroIntestInal traCt ……………………………………………………………… 331 DIsorDers of the aCCessory organs of DIgestIon …………………………………………………… 347 CanCer of the DIgestIve system ……………………………………………………………………………… 358
Chapter 20 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ………………………………………………………………… 362 musCuloskeletal InjurIes ……………………………………………………………………………………… 362 DIsorDers of Bones ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 371 DIsorDers of joInts ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 380 DIsorDers of skeletal musCle ………………………………………………………………………………… 394 musCuloskeletal tumors ……………………………………………………………………………………… 402
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