目录
WHO烟草制品管制研究小组 1
1. 前言 3
2. 致谢 5
3. 目的 7
4. 背景和历史 8
4.1 历史 10
4.2 近况 11
5. 水烟流行性增加和发展蔓延的因素 12
5.1 调味烟草(“maassel”)的引入 12
5.2 咖啡馆和餐馆文化带来的社会接受度 13
5.3 大众传播和社交媒体的发展 14
5.4 针对水烟的政策和法规的匮乏 17
6. 水烟抽吸的区域模式和全球模式 19
6.1 非洲地区 19
6.2 美洲地区 20
6.3 地中海东部地区 21
6.4 欧洲地区 22
6.5 东南亚地区 23
6.6 西太平洋地区 24
7. 水烟烟气有害成分的健康影响 26
7.1 水烟使用者的有害成分摄入 28
7.2 使用水烟的急性生理和健康影响 28
7.3 二手水烟烟气 29
7.4 长期健康影响 30
7.5 水烟致瘾性 32
7.6 水烟作为抽吸卷烟的桥梁 36
8. 研究需求 39
9. 科学依据和结论 42
10. 政策 43
11. 监管措施建议 45
12. 参考文献 48
CONTENTS
WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation 67
1. Preface 71
2. Acknowledgements 74
3. Purpose 77
4. Background and history 78
4.1 History 80
4.2 Recent emergence 81
5. Factors that contribute to the increase in prevalence and spread of use 83
5.1 Introduction of avoured tobacco (maassel) 83
5.2 Social acceptability due to the café and restaurant culture 84
5.3 Developments in mass communication and social media 85
5.4 Lack of waterpipe-specic policy and regulations 88
6. Regional and global patterns of waterpipe smoking 90
6.1 African Region 91
6.2 Region of the Americas 92
6.3 Eastern Mediterranean Region 93
6.4 European Region 94
6.5 South-East Asia Region 95
6.6 Western Pacic Region 96
7. Health eects of the toxicant content of waterpipe smoke 98
7.1 Toxicant uptake by waterpipe users 100
7.2 Acute physiological and health eects of waterpipe use 101
7.3 Second-hand waterpipe smoke 102
7.4 Long-term health eects 103
7.5 Addiction to waterpipes 106
7.6 Waterpipes as a bridge to cigarette smoking 111
8. Research needs 115
9. Scientic basis and conclusions 118
10. Policy 120
11. Suggested actions for regulators 123
12. References 126