导言 vii
Foreword to the second edition xix
Preface xxviii
Introduction xxxiv
CHAPTER I Translators and the invention of alphabets 3
Ulfila， evangelist to the Goths 4
Mesrop Mashtots and the flowering of Armenian culture 6
Cyril and Methodius among the Slavs 10
James Evans and the Cree of Canada 14
CHAPTER II Translators and the development of national languages 24
A language for England 25
The emancipation of French 37
Martin Luther： artisan of the German language 45
The flowering of the Swedish language 51
The evolution of the Gbaya language in Cameroon 54
Hebrew： a modern language for Israel 59
CHAPTER III Translators and the emergence of national literatures 71
Joost van den Vondel and the Dutch Golden Age 74
Translating Shakespeare to/on the European Continent 80
Changing sides： the case of Ireland 85
Speaking intimately to the Scottish soul – in translation 90
Jorge Luis Borges and the birth of Argentine literature 95
Translation and cultural exchange in African literatures 99
CHAPTER IV Translators and the dissemination of knowledge 112
China： importing knowledge through translation 115
India： at the crossroads of translation 120
Baghdad： centre of Arabic translation 125
Medieval Spain： cultural exchange and rebirth 130
The Nordic countries： breaking down the barriers of isolation 135
Machine translation： machines as translators? 140
CHAPTER V Translators and the reins of power 151
The Balfour Declaration： \
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