电机和电源控制中的最新微控制器技术

第1 章 电力电子技术应用综述············································· 001

1.1 电力电子技术发展现状··················································· 002

1.2 市场应用场景······························································· 005

1.3 未来发展方向展望························································· 010

1.4 小结··········································································· 011

第2 章 电机和电源控制简介················································· 013

2.1 常见电机类型及其控制技术············································· 014

2.1.1 直流电机····························································· 014

2.1.2 交流电机····························································· 016

2.2 常见电力电子变换拓扑··················································· 020

2.2.1 整流电路····························································· 021

2.2.2 降压斩波电路······················································ 024

2.2.3 升压斩波电路······················································· 025

2.2.4 升降压斩波电路···················································· 025

2.2.5 谐振变换器电路···················································· 026

2.3 感应式无线充电技术······················································ 029

2.4 小结··········································································· 031

第3 章 电机和电源控制中的微控制器技术介绍······················ 033

3.1 典型电机和电源数字控制系统架构···································· 034

3.2 电机和电源控制中的微控制器技术概况······························ 036

3.2.1 电机和电源控制中的微控制器技术发展现状················ 037

3.2.2 电机和电源控制中的微控制器技术发展趋势················ 041

3.2.3 恩智浦半导体电机和电源微控制器产品路线规划

及主要特点·························································· 043

3.3 小结··········································································· 046

第4 章 控制软件编程基础及相关调试技术····························· 049

4.1 数字控制软件编程基础··················································· 050

4.1.1 信号数字化处理···················································· 050

4.1.2 变量定标····························································· 052

4.1.3 参数标幺表示······················································· 053

4.2 实时控制软件架构实现简介············································· 054

4.2.1 状态机································································ 054

4.2.2 时序调度机制······················································· 057

4.3 实时控制软件开发及调试················································ 058

4.3.1 实时控制软件库的应用··········································· 058

4.3.2 实时调试工具······················································· 064

4.3.3 相关调试技巧······················································· 068

4.4 小结··········································································· 070

第5 章 永磁同步电机的数字控制·········································· 071

5.1 永磁同步电机的数学模型················································ 072

5.1.1 三相永磁同步电机数学模型···································· 073

5.1.2 两相静止坐标系的数学模型···································· 074

5.1.3 两相转子同步坐标系的数学模型······························ 075

5.1.4 坐标变换····························································· 077

5.2 永磁同步电机的磁场定向控制·········································· 078

5.2.1 电流控制环························································· 079

5.2.2 转速控制环························································· 082

5.3 最大转矩电流比和弱磁控制············································· 083

5.3.1 最大转矩电流比控制············································· 084

5.3.2 弱磁控制····························································· 087

5.4 无位置传感器控制························································· 092

5.4.1 基于反电动势的位置估计······································· 092

5.4.2 基于高频信号注入的位置估计································· 096

5.4.3 基于定子磁通的位置估计······································· 099

5.5 电机控制所需的微控制器资源·········································· 102

5.5.1 脉冲宽度调制器（PWM） ······································ 103

5.5.2 模/数转换器（ADC） ············································ 105

5.5.3 正交解码器（DEC） ············································· 105

5.5.4 定时器（Timer） ·················································· 106

5.5.5 PWM 和ADC 硬件同步·········································· 106

5.6 典型永磁同步电机控制方案············································· 107

5.6.1 带位置传感器的伺服控制······································· 107

5.6.2 无位置传感器的磁场定向控制································· 109

5.6.3 典型案例分析—风机控制···································· 110

5.7 小结··········································································· 125

第6 章 无刷直流电机的数字控制·········································· 127

6.1 无刷直流电机模型························································· 128

6.1.1 无刷直流电机的本体结构········································ 128

6.1.2 无刷直流电机的数学模型········································ 129

6.2 六步换相控制及所需的微控制器资源································· 131

6.2.1 无刷直流电机六步换相控制的基本原理······················ 131

6.2.2 六步换相PWM 调制方式及其对电压和电流的影响······· 133

6.2.3 六步换相无传感器控制··········································· 138

6.2.4 六步换相控制所需的微控制器资源···························· 140

6.3 典型无刷直流电机控制方案············································· 141

6.3.1 基于KE02 的无刷直流电机无位置传感器控制············· 142

6.3.2 基于MC9S08SU16 的无人机电调解决方案·················· 148

6.4 小结··········································································· 152

第7 章 开关磁阻电机的数字控制·········································· 153

7.1 开关磁阻电机的基本工作原理·········································· 154

7.1.1 电机结构····························································· 154

7.1.2 电磁转矩的产生···················································· 155

7.1.3 绕组反电动势······················································· 157

7.2 两相SRM 的数字控制···················································· 158

7.2.1 PWM 控制下的绕组导通模式··································· 159

7.2.2 电压控制方法······················································· 160

7.2.3 检测电流峰值的无位置传感器控制方法······················ 161

7.2.4 电机从静止开始起动·············································· 163

7.2.5 电机从非静止时开始起动········································ 166

7.2.6 两相SRM 数字控制所需的微控制器资源··················· 166

7.3 典型方案分析—高速真空吸尘器···································· 167

7.3.1 系统介绍····························································· 167

7.3.2 相电流与母线电压的检测······································· 170

7.3.3 电机的控制流程··················································· 175

7.3.4 峰值电流的检测方法············································· 184

7.4 小结··········································································· 185

第8 章 交流感应电机的数字控制·········································· 187

8.1 交流感应电机模型························································· 188

8.1.1 交流感应电机的本体结构······································· 188

8.1.2 交流感应电机的控制方法概述································· 190

8.1.3 交流感应电机的数学模型······································· 191

8.2 转子磁链定向控制························································· 194

8.2.1 最大转矩电流比控制············································· 196

8.2.2 交流感应电机弱磁控制·········································· 198

8.2.3 定子电压解耦······················································ 199

8.2.4 带位置传感器时转子磁链位置估算··························· 200

8.2.5 无位置传感器控制················································ 201

8.3 典型交流感应电机控制方案············································· 206

8.3.1 控制环路介绍······················································ 207

8.3.2 低成本电流及转速采样实现方案······························ 209

8.3.3 转子时间常数校正················································ 214

8.3.4 应用软件设计······················································ 215

8.3.5 系统时序设计······················································ 216

8.4 小结··········································································· 218

第9 章 步进电机的数字控制················································· 219

9.1 步进电机工作原理························································· 220

9.1.1 步进电机的结构简介·············································· 220

9.1.2 步进电机的工作原理简介········································ 221

9.2 位置开环的细分控制及所需的微控制器资源························ 223

9.2.1 细分控制····························································· 223

9.2.2 驱动电路和PWM 方法··········································· 225

9.2.3 步进电机位置开环的控制结构·································· 228

9.3 位置闭环的矢量控制及所需的微控制器资源························ 229

9.3.1 步进电机矢量控制················································· 229

9.3.2 步进电机弱磁控制················································· 231

9.3.3 步进伺服的典型控制结构········································ 234

9.3.4 转速计算原理及结合微控制器的应用························· 235

9.4 典型步进电机控制方案··················································· 239

9.5 小结··········································································· 245

第10 章 AC/DC 变换器的数字控制······································· 247

10.1 AC/DC 变换器工作原理················································· 248

10.1.1 PFC 基本工作原理··············································· 249

10.1.2 LLC 谐振变换器基本工作原理································ 251

10.2 PFC 的数字控制··························································· 254

10.2.1 控制策略··························································· 254

10.2.2 电流控制器设计·················································· 255

10.2.3 PFC 数字控制所需的微控制器资源·························· 257

10.3 LLC 的数字控制·························································· 259

10.3.1 控制策略··························································· 259

10.3.2 LLC 谐振变换器数字控制所需的微控制器资源·········· 262

10.4 典型案例分析—高效服务器电源·································· 263

10.4.1 图腾柱无桥PFC 系统实现····································· 264

10.4.2 LLC 谐振变换器系统实现····································· 268

10.5 小结········································································· 274

第11 章 感应式无线充电的数字控制····································· 275

11.1 感应式无线充电工作原理·············································· 276

11.1.1 能量的传输方式·················································· 277

11.1.2 通信方式及解调简介············································ 279

11.2 无线充电标准Qi ························································· 281

11.2.1 通信方式详述····················································· 281

11.2.2 系统控制··························································· 283

11.3 Qi 标准感应式无线充电微控制器··································· 289

11.3.1 无线充电微控制器介绍········································· 289

11.3.2 Qi 标准无线充电发射器硬件模块···························· 291

11.3.3 无线充电发射器软件架构及重要功能实现················· 293

11.3.4 无线充电重要功能的数字实现方式·························· 296

11.4 无线充电典型应用······················································· 301

11.4.1 消费及工业类无线充电发射器································ 301

11.4.2 车载无线充电发射器············································ 303

11.4.3 恩智浦半导体无线充电发射器主要模块···················· 305

11.4.4 恩智浦半导体无线充电接收器简介·························· 312

11.4.5 系统主要性能指标··············································· 315

11.5 小结········································································· 318

参考文献················································································ 319