语篇研究

Contents
Chapter 1 Coming to Grips with Discourse Analysis\t1
1．1 Introduction\t1
1．1．1 Formalism and functionalism\t2
1．1．2 Anything beyond the sentence\t5
1．1．3 Discourse： language use\t6
1．1．4 Discourse： utterances\t7
1．2 Discourse analysis\t7
1．2．1 Introduction\t7
1．2．2 Discourse\t8
1．2．3 Analysis\t9
1．3 Terms issue\t10
1．4 The significance of discourse analysis\t11
1．4．1 Limitations of sentence grammar\t11
1．4．2 Understanding the nature of language\t12
1．4．3 Understanding discourse itself\t12
1．4．4 Two levels of achievement in discourse analysis\t12
1．4．5 Summary： some uses of discourse analysis\t13
1．5 The scope of discourse analysis\t15
1．6 Principles of discourse analysis\t15
1．6．1 Introduction and classification\t15
1．6．2 Principles of discourse analysis：language as social interaction\t18
1．6．3 Text-linguistic perspectives on discourse\t21
1．7 Approaches to discourse analysis\t26
1．7．1 Mchoul\t26
1．7．2 Schiffrin\t27
1．8 Research methods in discourse analysis\t33
1．8．1 Research design (A sample)\t33
1．8．2 Nature of data\t34
1．8．3 Sources of discourse data\t34
1．9 Resources for doing discourse analysis\t36
1．9．1 Online resources\t36
1．9．2 Major journals publishing discourse research\t36
Chapter 2 A Historical Overview of Discourse Analysis\t37
2．1 Historical background\t37
2．1．1 Plato ＆Aristotle\t37
2．1．2 The ancient distinction between grammar (grammatical) and
rhetoric (rhetorical)\t39
2．1．3 The emergence of historical and comparative linguistics at the
beginning of the 19th century\t40
2．1．4 The birth of structural linguistics at the beginning of the 20th
century\t42
2．2 The origins of modern discourse analysis\t46
2．2．1 Europe\t46
2．2．2 America\t49
2．3 The emergence of discourse analysis as a new discipline\t50
2．3．1 Sociolinguistics\t50
2．3．2 Philosophy of language or pragmatics\t51
2．3．3 Text grammar\t52
2．3．4 Artificial intelligence\t53
2．3．5 Sociology： American ethnomethodologists\t54
2．4 The interdisciplinary study of discourse\t55
2．5 The 1990s\t55
2．5．1 Shift from structural to functional analysis\t55
2．5．2 From descriptive to critical analysis\t57
2．6 Discourse analysis： the state of the art\t58
Chapter 3 Standards of Textuality\t59
3．1 Texture， textuality， text-ness\t59
3．2 Cohesion\t61
3．2．1 Reusing patterns\t62
3．2．2 Compacting patterns\t64
3．2．3 Signalling Relations\t65
3．3 Coherence\t66
3．3．1 Concept\t67
3．3．2 Relation\t68
3．4 Intentionality\t69
3．4．1 Speech act\t70
3．4．2 The Cooperative Principle\t71
3．4．3 Interactive problem-solving\t72
3．5 Acceptability\t73
3．6 Informativity\t75
3．7 Situationality\t76
3．8 Intertextuality\t77
Chapter 4 Cohesion\t81
4．1 Introduction\t81
4．1．1 Text and texture\t81
4．1．2 Cohesion and cohesive tie\t81
4．2 Reference\t82
4．2．1 Phoricity\t83
4．2．2 Types of reference\t84
4．3 Substitution\t88
4．3．1 Substitution and reference\t88
4．3．2 Types of substitution\t90
4．4 Ellipsis\t91
4．4．1 Introduction\t91
4．4．2 Types of ellipsis\t92
4．5 Conjunction\t94
4．5．1 Definition of conjunction\t94
4．5．2 Types of conjunction\t95
4．6 Lexical cohesion\t97
4．6．1 Textual properties of lexical items\t97
4．6．2 Types of lexical cohesion\t98
4．7 Cohesive harmony\t101
4．7．1 Cohesive ties\t101
4．7．2 Cohesive chains\t101
4．7．3 Chain interaction\t103
4．7．4 Cohesive harmony\t103
4．8 Structural cohesion\t104
4．8．1 Theme-rheme development\t104
4．8．2 Given-new organization\t104
4．9 Phonological cohesion\t105
4．9．1 Intonation contour served as cohesive device to signal information
left unsaid\t105
4．9．2 Phonological cohesive in literary works\t105
4．10 Summary of cohesive devices\t106
Chapter 5 Coherence\t107
5．1 Cohesion and Coherence\t107
5．1．1 Definitions of cohesion and coherence\t107
5．1．2 The role of cohesion with respect to coherence\t108
5．2 Semantic perspectives\t109
5．2．1 Local coherence\t110
5．2．2 Global coherence\t113
5．3 Pragmatics perspectives\t116
5．3．1 Discourse as sequence of illocutionary acts\t116
5．3．2 Rhetorical Structure Theory(RST)\t119
5．4 Cognitive perspectives\t122
5．4．1 Coherence as a mental phenomenon\t122
5．4．2 Schema theory and coherence\t124
5．4．3 Procedural approach to coherence\t125
5．4．4 Relevance theory\t126
5．5 Informational Coherence\t131
5．6 Summary： approaches to coherence\t132
Chapter 6 Discourse Structure\t134
6．1 Thematic structure and thematic progression\t134
6．1．1 Function Sentence Perspective\t134
6．1．2 Thematic structure\t135
6．1．3 Types of the theme\t137
6．1．4 Thematic progression (staging， thematisation)\t138
6．1．5 General rules of the thematization process\t140
6．1．6 Analysing the thematic progression of discourse\t141
6．2 Information structure\t142
6．2．1 Definition\t142
6．2．2 Realization of information structure in discourse\t143
6．2．3 Given-new strategy\t145
6．2．4 Topicalization and left-dislocation\t147
6．2．5 Topic continuity\t148
6．3 Conversational discourse structure\t150
6．3．1 Lesson\t150
6．3．2 Move\t152
6．3．3 Act\t153
6．4 Sample analysis\t155
6．5 Conversation analysis\t156
6．5．1 Transition relevance place： the recognizable end of a turn-
construction unit\t159
6．5．2 Turn-taking rules\t160
6．5．3 Conversational structure\t160
6．5．4 Superstructure of written discourse\t166
6．5．5 Systemic-functional approach to discourse structure： Generic
Structure Potential(GSP)\t168
6．5．6 Story-Grammar approach to discourse structure\t170
6．5．7 Textual pattern\t172
6．5．8 Combination of approaches\t175
Chapter 7 Critical Discourse Analysis\t177
7．1 Introduction\t177
7．2 Conceptual and theoretical frameworks\t179
7．3 Principles of CDA\t185
7．4 Research in CDA\t187
7．4．1 Gender inequality\t187
7．4．2 Media discourse\t188
7．4．3 Political discourse\t189
7．4．4 Ethnocentrism， anti-semitism， nationalism， and racism\t189
7．4．5 From group domination to professional and institutional power\t191
7．5 Methods of doing CDA\t191
7．5．1 What to be analysed?\t191
7．5．2 A three-dimensional method of discourse analysis\t193
7．6 CDA： From theory to Practice\t199
7．6．1 The grammar of transitivity\t199
7．6．2 The grammar of modality\t202
7．6．3 Transformations\t205
7．6．4 Classification\t207
7．6．5 Coherence， order and unity of discourse\t208
References\t210