The authors of this book are composed of two persons who have been working on carbon materials, published many research papers and recently published three books on carbon materials on their fundamentals, advances and characterizations (M. Inagaki and F. Kang) and two persons who have been working on graphene from the standpoints of physics (K. Takai), and biochemical applications (S. Tsujimura).The book is going to be written under the corporation of four authors by sharing the responsibilities on whole