1 Outline of Human Avian Influenza /1
Chen Qiu, Gui-lin Yang, and Pu-xuan Lu
1.1 Introduction of Human Avian Influenza /1
1.2 Epidemics of Human Avian Influenza and Its Control /2
1.3 Avian Influenza Virus /3
1.4 The Latest Detection Technology for Influenza Viruses /3
1.5 Current Situation of Vaccine Researches /5
References /6
2 Epidemiology /7
Gui-lin Yang, Kai Zhou, Yong-xiang Yi, and Chen Qiu
2.1 Outline of the Epidemics /7
2.2 Infection Source /9
2.3 Transmission Routes /11
2.4 Susceptible Populations /13
2.5 Epidemiological Features /13
References /16
3 Etiology /17
Zhi-gang Song, Yu-xin Shi, Hua-bin Yin, Jun Chen, and Hong-zhou Lu
3.1 Discovery of the Pathogen and Confirmation of Pathogeny /17
3.2 Morphological Structure and Physical/Chemical Profiles of the Viruses /18
3.3 Molecular Biological Characteristics of the Virus /19
3.4 Virus Cultivation and Animal Models /21
3.5 Pathogenicity of Viruses /25
3.6 Sources of Avian Influenza Virus /26
References /26
4 Pathogenesis and Pathological Changes of Avian Influenza in Human /29
Yan-ling Feng, Xiao-hua Le, and Shi-pin Wu
4.1 Pathogenesis /29
4.2 Pathophysiology /31
4.3 Pathological Changes /35
References /40
5 Laboratory Examination /41
Zhao-qin Zhu, Hong-zhou Lu, Yu-xin Shi, and Wan-shui Shan
5.1 Determination of T Lymphocyte Subsets in Peripheral Blood /41
5.2 Determination of Viral Antigen /42
5.3 Detection of Serum Antigens Against Viral Infection /43
5.4 Molecular Biological Detection of Viral Nucleic Acids /47
5.5 Isolation and Identification of Viruses /48
5.6 Inoculation onto Animals /51
Contents
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5.7 Inoculation, Cultivation, and Harvest of Chicken Embryos for Animal
Experiment /52
5.8 Requirement on Biosafety /54
References /55
6 Clinical Diagnosis and Differentiation Diagnosis /57
Shi-pin Wu, Dong-na Su, and Chen Qiu
6.1 Clinical Manifestation /57
6.2 Clinical Diagnosis /59
6.3 Differential Diagnosis /61
References /61
7 Treatment of Avian Influenza in Human /63
Shi-pin Wu, Kai Zhou, and Chen Qiu
7.1 Principle of Treatment /63
7.2 Isolation /63
7.3 Symptomatic Treatment and Supportive Treatment /64
7.4 Antiviral Treatment /64
7.5 Usage of Glucocorticoids and Immunomodulator /65
7.6 Treatment of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
and Multiple Organ Failure /66
References /69
8 Complications and Image Findings /71
Yu-xin Shi, Xiu-dong Shi, Ling-wei Wang, Su Zhou, Wei-ya Shi,and Jin-ping Wu
8.1 Pulmonary Interstitial Fibrosis /71
8.2 Secondary Pulmonary Infection /73
8.3 Pneumothorax and Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema /74
8.4 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome /76
8.5 Reye Syndrome /80
8.6 Other Complications /80
References /82
9 H7N9 Avian Influenza in Human /85
Feng Feng, Yu-xin Shi, Yu-zhe Wang, Yi-bo Lu, Shu-yi Yang, and Qin-qin Yan
9.1 Summary /85
9.2 Image Findings /86
9.3 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /90
9.4 Value of Imaging in Diagnosing H7N9 Avian Influenza Pneumonia in Human /93
9.5 Introduction of the First Case of H7N9 Avian Influenza in Human in the World /97
References /102
10 H5N1 Avian Influenza in Human /103
Qian-qian Zhang, He-ping Xu, Yong Sun, Bu-dong Chen, Fei Shi, Guang-ping Zheng, and Pu-xuan Lu
10.1 Summary /103
10.2 Image Findings /104
10.3 Clinical Imaging Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /107
10.4 Introduction of the First Case in Chinese Mainland /109
References /113
11 H5N6 Avian Influenza in Human /115
Hua Huang, Yue Zeng, Qing-si Zeng, Jia-fu Lin, Gui-xia Wang,Xiao-yan Huang, and Pu-xuan Lu
11.1 Summary /115
11.2 Image Findings /116
11.3 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /120
11.4 Report of the First Case in the World /122
References /128
12 H10N8 Avian Influenza in Human /131
Yu-lin He, Fei Shi, Chuan-jun Xu, Bu-dong Chen, Ying-ying Deng,and Pu-xuan Lu
12.1 Overview /131
12.2 Image Findings /131
12.3 Imaging Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /137
12.4 The First Reported Human Infection with H10N8 Avian Influenza Pneumonia in the World /138
References /142
13 H9N2 Avian Influenza in Human /145
Qian-qian Zhang, Kai Zhou, Wen-zhong Hou, Ru-ming Xie, Yu-lin He,
and Pu-xuan Lu
13.1 Introduction /145
13.2 Image Findings /147
13.3 Differential Diagnosis /149
13.4 The First Case Report Worldwide /150
References /154
14 H7N4 Avian Influenza in Human /157
Yi-bo Lu, Wei Huang, Sheng-xiu Lv, Qiu-ting Zheng, Pu-xuan Lu,and Jin-ping Wu
14.1 Overview /157
14.2 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis /157
14.3 First Human Infection Reported Worldwide /159
References /165
15 Prevention of Avian Influenza in Human /167
Gui-lin Yang, Ling-wei Wang, Chen Qiu, Yong-yi Lu, and Yu-xin Shi
15.1 Basic Strategies for Preventive Control /167
15.2 Epidemic Surveillance and Early Warning /168
15.3 Epidemic Report /171
15.4 Source Control /173
15.5 Management of Contacts /174
15.6 Division of Epidemic Areas /174
15.7 Immunization Prevention /175
15.8 Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infection /175
15.9 Health Education and Health Promotion /178
15.10 Supervision and Law Enforcement /179
15.11 Quarantine /184
References /186
16 Prognosis /187
Gui-lin Yang, Dong-na Su, and Chen Qiu
16.1 Prognosis and Outcome /187
16.2 Factors Affecting Prognosis /188
References /190
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