2021节能与新能源汽车发展报告

Ⅰ Industrial Environment
Special　Topic 1 Global Automotive Energy Strategy and
Carbon　Emission Management Process　02
1．1　International Automotive Energy and Carbon
Emission　Management　03
1．1．1　EU Automobile Energy-saving and Carbon Emission
Management　03
1．1．2　U．S． Regulations on Vehicle Fuel Consumption and
Greenhouse　Gas Emission　10
1．1．3　Japan’s Fuel Consumption Regulations for Light
Vehicles　16
1．2　China’s Automotive Energy and Carbon
Emission　Management　17
1．2．1　Planning and Development Goals of Auto Industry　17
1．2．2　Status Quo of China’s Vehicle Energy Consumption
Management　20
1．2．3　Development Overview of Domestic Auto Market　33
Special　Topic 2 Estimation of China Vehicles’Fuel
Consumption　and Carbon Emission　43
2．1　Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emission
Estimation　Model in China　43
2．2　Analysis on the Key Parameters for the
Estimation　of Vehicle Fuel Consumption and
Carbon　Emissions　46
2．2．1　Vehicle in Use Structure Based on Ages　46
2．2．2　Driving Distances of Vehicles　47
2．2．3　Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type　47
2．3　Estimation Results of Vehicle Energy and
Carbon　Emissions in 2020　48
II　Vehicle Energy Consumption
Special　Topic 3 Development of the Average Fuel
Consumption　of Passenger Cars　53
3．1　The Fleet-wide Average Fuel Consumption　54
3．2　Fuel Consumption of Domestic Models in
Different　Categories　56
3．2．1　Fuel Consumption Variation by Model Type　56
3．2．2　Fuel Consumption Variation by Different Foreign Sino Makers　59
3．3　Average Fuel Consumption and Compliance
Performance　of Enterprises　60
3．3．1　Analysis of Quantity and Production Volume of
Qualified　Enterprises　60
3．3．2　Analysis of Enterprises with Excellent Compliance
Performance　62
3．3．3　Analysis on Compliance Performance of Top　10
Producers/Importers　64
Special　Topic ４ Development of Fuel Consumption of
Commercial　Vehicles　66
4．1　Classification of Commercial Vehicles　67
4．2　Fuel Consumption of Light Commercial Vehicles
68
4．2．1　Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types　68
4．2．2　Comparison Between Fuel Consumption and Limit
Value　73
4．3　Fuel Consumption of Heavy Commercial
Vehicles　76
4．3．1　Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types　76
4．3．2　Comparison Between Fuel Consumption and Limit
Value　81
Special　Topic ５ Electricity Consumption Development of
New　Energy Vehicles　87
5．1　Electricity Consumption of New Energy Passenger
Cars　88
5．1．1　The Development Trend of the Average Electricity
Consumption　for Domestic New Energy Passenger
Cars　88
5．1．2　Electricity Consumption of Different Vehicle Types　89
5．1．3　Electricity Consumption of Top 15 Models in
Production　92
5．2　New Energy Commercial Vehicles　93
5．2．1　E-range　93
5．2．2　Battery Capacity　96
5．2．3　E-range/Battery Capacity　98
5．2．4　Power Consumption per 100 km per Ton　99
5．2．5　Energy Consumption per Unit Load　101
Ⅲ　Product Attributes
Special　Topic ６ Development Trend of Related
Properties　of Passenger Cars on Energy
Conservation　104
6．1　Curb Weight　104
6．2　Footprint Area　109
6．3　Average Displacement　112
6．4　Average Power　116
6．5　Average Torque　120
6．6　Power/Curb Weight　125
6．7　Power/Displacement　129
Special　Topic 7 Development Trend of Related Properties of
Commercial　Vehicles on Energy Conservation
135
7．1　Fuel Type　135
7．2　Transmission　138
7．3　Product Structure　140
7．3．1　Maximum Design Pay Mass　140
7．3．2　Average Length　141
7．4　Average Displacement　143
7．5　Power/Total Mass　146
Ⅳ　Technology Application
Special　Topic 8 Application of Energy-saving
Technologies　for Passenger Cars　150
8．1　Turbocharging and GDI　150
8．2　3-cylinder Turbocharging Engine　152
8．3　Advanced Transmission Technology　154
8．4　Idling Stop-Start Technology　156
8．5　Mild Hybrid　156
8．6　Strong Hybrid　158
Special　Topic ９ Supporting Technology Trend of Key
Parts　of New Energy Vehicles　160
9．1　Power Battery　161
9．1．1　Supporting Conditions of Power Battery Industry　161
9．1．2　Status Quo of Development of Power Battery
Technology　168
9．1．3　Development Trend of Power Battery Industry　169
9．2　Drive Motor　173
9．2．1　Overview of Supporting Drive Motor Industry　173
9．2．2　Status Quo of Development of Drive Motor
Technologies　175
9．2．3　Development Trend of Drive Motor Industry　178
9．3　Electric Control　182
9．3．1　Supporting Conditions of Electric Control Industry
182
9．3．2　Development Trend of Electric Control Industry　184
Ⅴ　Hot Topics
Special　Topic 10 Comparison of the Competitiveness of
Ternary　Battery and Lithium Iron Phosphate
Battery　189
10．1　Comparison of Crystal Structures of Cathode
Materials　189
10．2　Key Performance Comparison of Cathode
Materials　and Power Battery Products of
Corresponding　Systems　190
10．2．1　Comparison of Energy Density　191
10．2．2　Power Comparison　194
10．2．3　Service Life Comparison　196
10．2．4　Cost Comparison　197
10．2．5　Safety Comparison　198
Special　Topic 11 Research on the Safety of Batteries
203
11．1　Electrical-Thermal Coupling Characterization
Methods　of Power Batteries　204
11．2　Analysis on the Electric-thermal Coupling
Characteristics　Test of Power Batteries　206
11．2．1　Influence of Operating Temperature on the Heat
Generation　Characteristics of Batteries　207
11．2．2　The Effect of SOC on the Heat Generation
Characteristics　of Batteries　208
11．2．3　Effect of Current Multiplier on the Heat Generation
Characteristics　of the Batteries　210
11．2．4　Effect of SOH on the Heat Generation Characteristics
of　the Batteries　211
11．2．5　Influence of the Material System on the Heat
Generation　Characteristics of the Batteries　212
11．3　Thermal Runaway and Thermal Diffusion Test
Evaluation　of Power Batteries　213
11．3．1　Research on the Thermal Runaway Triggering Method
and　Characteristic Behavior of Power Batteries　213
11．3．2　Thermal Diffusion Test Evaluation of Power Batteries
215
11．4　Safety Assessment in the Life Cycle of Power
Batteries　216
11．4．1　Intrinsic Thermal Stability Assessment in the Life
Cycle　of Power Batteries　216
11．4．2　Assessment on the Application Safety in the Life
Cycle　of Power Batteries　220
Special　Topic 12 Key Raw Materials and Progress of
Batteries　224
12．1　Overview of Lithium Mineral Resources　224
12．1．1　Overview of Global Lithium Resources　225
12．1．2　Overview of Lithium Resources in China　226
12．1．3　Analysis of the Supply and Demand of Lithium Resources
228
12．2　Overview of Cobalt Mineral Resources　230
12．2．1　Overview of Global Cobalt Resources　231
12．2．2　Overview of Cobalt Resources in China　233
12．2．3　Analysis on the Supply and Demand of Cobalt
Resources　234
12．3　Overview of Nickel Ore Resources　235
12．3．1　Overview of Global Nickel Resources　236
12．3．2　Overview of Nickel Resources in China　238
12．3．3　Analysis on the Supply and Demand of Nickel
Resources　238
12．4　Sustainable Supply of Nickel Promotes the
Development　of Low-carbon and Efficient
Industrial　Chain　240
12．4．1　New Regulations of Sustainable Policies for the
Downstream　Areas of the Automobile Industry　240
12．4．2　BHP Makes Innovation to Support the Transformation
of　China’s Electric Vehicle Market to Sustainable
Nickel　Products　242
Ⅵ　Long-term Outlook
Special　Topic 13 Outlook for the 2035 Electrification
Route　for Chinese Vehicles in the
Context　of “Carbon Peak and Carbon
Neutrality”　246
13．1　The Development Goal of China’s Vehicle
Electrification　in 2035 in the Context of “Carbon
Peak　and Carbon Neutrality”　246
13．2　Prospects of Vehicle Electrification Promotion
Routes　by City Priority Level　248
13．2．1　Evaluation Indexes of City Priority Level for the
Electrification　of Vehicles　248
13．2．2　Classification Method of City Priority Level for the
Electrification　of Vehicles　250
13．2．3　Classification Result of City Priority Level for the
Electrification　of Vehicles　252
13．3　Prospects of Vehicle Electrification Promotion
Routes　by Vehicle Type and Application
Scenario　253
13．3．1　Electrification Promotion Routes for Passenger Cars
253
13．3．2　Electrification Promotion Routes for Commercial
Vehicles　254
Appendix　261