Contents
Part I Transparent Materials
1 Introduction 3
References 4
2 Transparent Sand of Silica Gel 5
2.1 Static Properties of Silica Gel 6
2.2 Dynamic Properties of Silica Gel 9
2.2.1 Resonant Column Tests and Sample Preparation 9
2.2.2 Shear Modulus of Silica Gel 10
2.2.3 Comparison with Shear Modulus of Clay，Sand
and Gravel 15
2.2.4 Damping Ratio of Silica Gel 17
2.3 Summary and Conclusions 21
References 22
3 Transparent Sand of Fused Quartz 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Static Properties of Fused Quartz 25
3.2.1 Materials 26
3.2.2 Stress-Strain Curves of Transparent Soil of Fused Quartz 27
3.2.3 Shear Strength 29
3.2.4 Pore Pressure 30
3.2.5 Deviatoric Stress and Stress Ratio 31
3.2.6 Summary 32
3.3 Geotechnical Properties of Fused Quartz with Different Pore Fluid 32
3.3.1 Fused Quartz and Pore Ruid 33
3.3.2 Experimental Program 34
3.3.3 Testing Results 34
3.3.4 Critical State Line 38
3.3.5 Duncan-Chang Model for Transparent Soils 38
3.3.6 Summary 42
3.4 Dynamic Properties for Transparent Soil of Fused Quartz 42
3.4.1 Experiment 42
3.4.2 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Fused Quartz 43
3.5 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Transparent Soils with Different Pore Fluids 45
3.5.1 Pore Fluids 45
3.5.2 Testing Methods 46
3.5.3 Shear Modulus Influenced by Pore Fluids 49
3.5.4 Damping Ratios Influenced by Pore Fluids 52
3.6 Cyclic Undrained Behavior and Liquefaction Resistance of Transparent Sand Made of Fused Quartz 54
3.6.1 Testing Methods 55
3.6.2 Results and Analysis 55
3.7 Summary 57
References 60
4 Transparent Clay of Carbopol U10 60
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Materials and Manufacture Process 64
4.2.1 Raw Materials 64
4.2.2 Manufacture Processes 66
4.3 Optical Properties of Synthetic Clay 67
4.3.1 Transparency Analysis 67
4.3.2 Speckle Pattern 69
4.4 Geotechnical Properties of Synthetic Clay 70
4.4.1 Shear Strength 70
4.4.2 Consolidation 74
4.4.3 Hydraulic Conductivity 76
4.4.4 Thermal Conductivity 79
4.5 Discussions and Conclusions 80
References 81
5 Transparent Rock 83
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Testing Methodology 84
5.2.1 Materials and Specimens 84
5.2.2 Test Facilities and Processes 85
5.3 Experimental Results and Discussions 87
5.3.1 Uniaxial Compression Test 87
5.3.2 Brazilian Tensile Test 93
5.4 Conclusions 97
References 97
6 Pore Fluid 101
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Low Viscosity Pore Fluid 102
6.2.1 Temperature Variation of the Viscosity and Refractive Index of the Potential Solvents 102
6.2.2 Determination of the Matching Refractive Index of the Matching Pore Fluid 105
6.2.3 Investigation on the Interaction Between the Pore Fluid and the Latex Membrane 106
6.3 New Pore Fluid to Manufacture Transparent Soil 111
6.3.1 Introduction 111
6.3.2 Pore Fluids Tested 114
6.3.3 Apparatus and Procedures 116
6.3.4 Results and Discussions 117
6.4 Summary and Conclusions 129
References 130
Part II Transparent Soil Imaging and Image Processing
7 Laser Speckle Effect 130
7.1 Introduction 135
7.2 Characteristics of Laser Speckle Field 136
7.3 Digital Image of Laser Speckle 137
References 139
8 2D Transparent Soil Imaging and Digital Image Cross-Correlation 141
8.1 2D Transparent Soil Model and Imaging 141
8.2 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) 142
8.3 Main Error Sources in 2D-DIC Measurement 144
8.4 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 147
8.5 Influences of Fused Quartz Grain Size on the Displacement by DIC 149
8.5.1 Experimental Program 150
8.5.2 Influences of Different Sized Fused Quartz on Displacement Measurement 150
8.5.3 Selecting the Query Window Based on Average Gray Gradient 151
8.5.4 Influences of Fused Quartz Grain Size on the Query Window Size in DIC 154
8.5.5 Translation Test 155
8.6 Summary 160
References 160
9 Camera Calibration Based on Neural Network Method 163
9.1 Camera Calibration 163
9.2 Neural Network Calibration Method 164
9.3 Angle Error Analysis 168
9.4 Application in DIC and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 170
9.5 Summary and Conclusions 172
References173
10 Three-Dimensional Transparent Soil Imaging and Processing 175
10.1 Introduction 175
10.2 Transparent Soil Model and Testing Set Up 176
10.3 Automatic Tomographic Scanning Measuring Device and Experimental Setup 178
10.4 Optimized Particle Image Velocimetry Image Processing Algorithm 181
10.5 The Calibration Tests 182
10.5.1 The Calibration Tests of Automatic Tomographic
Scanning Measuring Device 182
10.5.2 The Accuracy of the Optimized Image Processing Algorithm 184
10.6 Modified 3D Reconstruction Method 184
10.7 Application to Jacked-Pile Penetration 186
10.7.1 Comparison of the Displacement Pattern Between Flat-Ended Pile and Cone-Ended Pile 186
10.7.2 Deformation Behaviour During Continuous
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