Introduction
Acknowledgements
1 Investment Strategy
What is strategy?
What is investment strategy?
Planning to achieve the objective
1 Real and artificial liabilities
2 Mapping the liability cashflows
3 Total funding
4 The escalator factor
5 Putting it together
Conclusions
Summary
2 Multi Asset Class Investing
The asset allocation background
Potential problems in moving to a Multi Asset Class approach
The Yale Model
Higher returns as a goal, not peer group benchmarking
Liquidity
Diversification
Long-term returns
The Yale Model and MAC investing
Bonds
Quoted equities
How much should be allocated to each asset class?
How is the Yale Model currently allocated?
What does one look for in selecting an asset class?
Is there a sufficiently robust benchmark available for the asset class?
Conclusions
Summary
3 Risk
Introduction
The atheist cathedral
Risk and the capital asset pricing model
How ‘risk’ is used in practice
Arithmetical problems with beta
Conceptual problems with beta
Why beta and the CAPM are irrelevant
Summary
4 How to Define Risk
Risk and uncertainty
Risk and diversification in the artificial world
Risk in the real world: uncertainty and materiality
Towards a new definition of risk
Return risk
Capital risk
Summary
5 How to Calculate Risk
Phi calculations
Phi and beta
Compound return-based modelling
The future of risk analysis
Direct comparison of different asset classes
Other types of risk
Summary
6 Quoted Equity
7 Hedge Funds
8 Private Equity
9 Property
10 LDI and Portable Alpha: Rival Strategies?
11 Liquidity
12 Portfolio Performance
Appendix 1: Tables of Performance Figures
Appendix 2: Investment Strategies for DC Schemes and Mature Pension Plans
Index