第1章 Introduction / 绪论 1
1-1 Engineering Ethics / 工程伦理 / 6
1-2 Myths about Process Safety / 关于过程安全的误区 / 7
Myth 1: Process Safety Costs a Lot of Money and Has a Negative Impact on the Company’s Bottom Line / 误区1: 过程安全花费大量资金并且对公司的承受限度有负面影响 / 7
Myth 2: Process Safety Is the Same As Personal or Even Laboratory Safety / 误区2: 过程安全等同于个人甚至实验室安全 / 8
Myth 3: Process Safety Is No More Than Following Rules and Regulations / 误区3: 过程安全无异于遵守规章制度 / 8
Myth 4: Process Safety Is a Soft Science—No More Than Hard Hats or Safety Shoes—Not Engineering Science / 误区4: 过程安全是一门软科学，无非就是安全帽或安全鞋，不是一门工程科学 / 9
Myth 5: Process Safety Applies Only to the Petrochemical Industry / 误区5: 过程安全只适用于石油化工领域 / 9
Myth 6: Industry Should Train Graduates in Process Safety; This Topic Should Not Be a Part of the Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum / 误区6: 行业应当对毕业生进行过程安全方面的培训；本课题不应作为本科工程类课程的一部分 / 10
Myth 7: Process Safety Does Not Include Product Safety / 误区7: 过程安全不包含产品安全 / 10
1-3 Safety Culture / 安全文化 / 10
1-4 Individual Risk, Societal Risk, and Risk Populations / 个人风险、社会风险和风险人群 / 13
1-5 Voluntary and Involuntary Risk / 自愿风险和非自愿风险 / 14
1-6 Safety Metrics / 安全指标 / 15
1-7 Accident and Loss Statistics / 事故和损失统计 / 17
1-8 Risk Perception / 风险认知 / 27
1-9 Risk Tolerance/Acceptance and Risk Matrix / 风险容忍度/接受度和风险矩阵 / 27
1-10 Codes, Standards, and Regulations / 规范、标准和法规 / 31
1-11 Safeguards / 安全防护措施 / 33
1-12 The CCPS 20 Elements of Risk-Based Process Safety / 基于风险的过程安全的20个CCPS要素 / 36
1-13 Inherently Safer Design / 本质安全设计 / 42
1-14 The Worst Chemical Plant Tragedy: Bhopal, India, 1984 / 严重的化工悲剧：1984年印度博帕尔事故 / 46
1-15 Overview of Chemical Process Safety / 化工过程安全概述 / 49
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 49
Problems / 习题 / 50
第2章 Toxicology / 毒理学 55
2-1 How Toxicants Enter the Body / 毒物侵入人体的途径 / 56
Gastrointestinal Tract / 胃肠道 / 57
Skin / 皮肤 / 58
Respiratory System / 呼吸系统 / 58
2-2 How Toxicants Are Eliminated from the Body / 从人体内消除毒物的途径 / 59
2-3 Effects of Toxicants on the Body / 毒物对人体的影响 / 60
2-4 Toxicological Studies / 毒理学研究 / 61
2-5 Dose versus Response / 剂量与反应的关系 / 62
2-6 Dose and Response Using Probit Equation / 使用概率方程计算剂量与反应 / 68
2-7 Relative Toxicity / 相对毒性 / 74
2-8 Threshold Limit Values / 阈限值 / 75
Online Resources / 在线资源 / 76
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 77
Problems / 习题 / 77
第3章 Industrial Hygiene / 工业卫生 79
3-1 Anticipating and Identifying Hazardous Workplace Exposures / 预测及辨识工作场所的有害暴露 / 80
3-2 Globally Harmonized System / 全球化学品统一分类和标签制度 / 83
Globally Harmonized System for Safety Data Sheets / GHS安全数据表体系 / 83
Globally Harmonized System for Labeling / GHS标签体系 / 87
3-3 Evaluate the Magnitude of Exposures and Responses / 对暴露和反应程度的评价 / 89
Evaluating Exposures to Volatile Toxicants by Monitoring / 通过监测对挥发性毒物的暴露进行评价 / 90
Evaluating Worker Exposures to Dusts / 员工暴露于粉尘中的评价 / 93
Evaluating Worker Exposures to Noise / 员工暴露于噪声中的评价 / 94
Evaluating Worker Exposures to Thermal Radiation / 员工暴露于热辐射中的评价 / 96
Estimating Worker Exposures to Toxic Vapors / 员工暴露于有毒蒸气中的评价 / 97
Estimating the Vaporization Rate of a Liquid / 液体蒸发速率的评价 / 100
Estimating Worker Exposures during Vessel Filling Operations / 员工暴露于容器灌装作业中的评价 / 103
3-4 Develop and Evaluate Control Techniques to Prevent Exposures / 发展和评价用于防止暴露的控制技术 / 106
Respirators / 呼吸器 / 108
Ventilation / 通风 / 109
3-5 National Fire Protection Association Diamond / 美国消防协会菱形标签 / 115
Online Resources / 在线资源 / 116
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 117
Problems / 习题 / 117
第4章 Source Models / 源模型 119
4-1 Introduction to Source Models / 源模型简介 / 121
4-2 Flow of Liquid through a Hole / 液体经孔洞流出 / 123
4-3 Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank / 液体经储罐上的孔洞流出 / 126
4-4 Flow of Liquids through Pipes / 液体经管道流出 / 130
2-K Method / 2-K方法 / 134
4-5 Flow of Gases or Vapors through Holes / 气体或蒸气经孔洞流出 / 140
4-6 Flow of Gases or Vapors through Pipes / 气体或蒸气经管道流出 / 145
Adiabatic Flows / 绝热流动 / 146
Isothermal Flows / 等温流动 / 152
4-7 Flashing Liquids / 闪蒸液体 / 162
4-8 Liquid Pool Evaporation or Boiling / 液池蒸发或沸腾 / 168
4-9 Realistic and Worst-Case Releases / 实际和坏情景释放 / 169
4-10 Conservative Analysis / 保守分析 / 169
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 172
Problems / 习题 / 173
第5章 Hazardous Material Dispersion / 有害物质扩散 177
5-1 Parameters Affecting Dispersion / 影响扩散的参数 / 178
5-2 Neutrally Buoyant Dispersion Models / 中性浮力扩散模型 / 183
5-3 Pasquill–Gifford Model / Pasquill–Gifford模型 / 184
Case 1: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Ground Level, Coordinates Fixed at Release Point, Constant Wind Only in x Direction with Constant Velocity u / 情况1: 地面上瞬时点源的烟团（坐标系固定在释放点，风仅沿x轴方向，速度恒定为u）/ 189
Case 2: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u / 情况2: 地面上连续稳态源的烟羽（风速u恒定，风仅沿x轴方向）/ 190
Case 3: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u / 情况3: 在地面上方Hr高度的连续稳态源的烟羽（风速u恒定，风仅沿x轴方向）/ 190
Case 4: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and a Coordinate System on the Ground That Moves with the Puff / 情况4: 在地面上方Hr高度瞬时点源的烟团（坐标系位于烟团中心的地面投影上，随烟团移动）/ 191
Case 5: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and a Coordinate System Fixed on the Ground at the Release Point / 情况5: 在地面上方Hr高度瞬时点源的烟团（坐标系固定在释放点的地面投影上）/ 192
Isopleths / 等值线 / 192
Effect of Release Momentum and Buoyancy / 释放动量和浮力的影响 / 193
Worst-Case Dispersion Conditions / 坏扩散事件情景 / 194
Limitations to Pasquill–Gifford Dispersion Modeling / Pasquill–Gifford扩散模型的局限性 / 195
5-4 Dense Gas Dispersion / 重气扩散模型 / 197
5-5 Toxic Effect Criteria / 毒性作用标准 / 198
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines / 应急响应计划指南 / 199
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health / 直接致害浓度 / 199
Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels and Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels / 紧急暴露指导限值和短时间公众紧急暴露指导限值 / 202
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels / 急性暴露指导限值 / 204
Threshold Limit Values / 阈限值 / 207
Permissible Exposure Limits / 允许暴露限值 / 207
Toxic Endpoints / 毒性终点 / 207
5-6 Release Prevention and Mitigation / 释放预防与缓解 / 209
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 212
Problems / 习题 / 212
第6章 Fires and Explosions / 火灾和爆炸 219
6-1 The Fire Triangle / 火三角 / 220
6-2 Distinction between Fires and Explosions / 火灾和爆炸的区别 / 221
6-3 Definitions / 定义 / 221
6-4 Flammability Characteristics of Liquids and Vapors / 液体和蒸气的燃烧特性 / 224
Liquids / 液体 / 224
Gas and Vapor Mixtures / 气体和蒸气混合物 / 227
Flammability Limit Dependence on Temperature / 燃烧极限随温度的变化 / 229
Flammability Limit Dependence on Pressure / 燃烧极限随压力的变化 / 229
Estimating Flammability Limits / 燃烧极限估算 / 230
Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC) and Inerting / 极限氧浓度（LOC）和惰化 / 234
Flammability Diagram / 可燃界限图 / 236
Autoignition / 自燃 / 244
Auto-Oxidation / 自氧化 / 245
Adiabatic Compression / 绝热压缩 / 245
6-5 Flammability Characteristics of Dusts / 粉尘燃烧特性 / 247
6-6 Sprays and Mists / 薄雾和飞沫 / 248
6-7 Ignition Energy / 点火能 / 248
6-8 Ignition Sources / 点火源 / 250
6-9 Experimental Characterization of Gas/Vapor and Dust Explosions / 气体/蒸气和粉尘爆炸的实验表征 / 251
Gases/Vapors / 气体/蒸气 / 251
Dusts / 粉尘 / 255
Application of Flammability Data of Gases/Vapors and Dusts / 气体/蒸气和粉尘可燃性数据的应用 / 258
6-10 Explosions / 爆炸 / 258
Detonation and Deflagration / 爆轰和爆燃 / 259
Confined Explosions / 受限爆炸 / 261
Blast Damage Resulting from Overpressure / 超压造成的爆炸伤害 / 261
TNT Equivalency / TNT当量法 / 265
TNO Multi-Energy Method / TNO多能法 / 266
Energy of Chemical Explosions / 化学爆炸能 / 270
Energy of Mechanical Explosions / 机械爆炸能 / 272
Missile Damage / 抛射物伤害 / 274
Blast Damage to People / 爆炸对人的伤害 / 274
Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE) / 蒸气云爆炸（VCE） / 276
Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions / 沸腾液体扩展蒸气云爆炸 / 277
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 278
Problems / 习题 / 278
第7章 Concepts to Prevent Fires and Explosions / 防火防爆基本概念 283
7-1 Inerting / 惰化 / 284
Vacuum Purging / 真空惰化 / 285
Pressure Purging / 压力惰化 / 288
Combined Pressure-Vacuum Purging / 真空-压力联合惰化 / 289
Vacuum and Pressure Purging with Impure Nitrogen / 使用不纯氮气进行真空和压力惰化 / 291
Sweep-Through Purging / 吹扫惰化 / 292
Siphon Purging / 虹吸惰化 / 293
Using the Flammability Diagram to Avoid Flammable Atmospheres / 使用可燃界限图避免可燃性气氛 / 293
7-2 Static Electricity / 静电 / 299
Fundamentals of Static Charge / 静电基本原理 / 299
Charge Accumulation / 电荷积聚 / 300
Electrostatic Discharges / 静电放电 / 300
Energy from Electrostatic Discharges / 静电释放能 / 303
Energy of Electrostatic Ignition Sources / 静电点火源能量 / 304
Streaming Current / 流动电流 / 304
Electrostatic Voltage Drops / 静电电压降 / 307
Energy of Charged Capacitors / 荷电电容器的能量 / 308
Capacitance of a Body / 物体的电容 / 312
7-3 Controlling Static Electricity / 控制静电 / 315
General Design Methods to Prevent Electrostatic Ignitions / 防止静电点燃的通用设计方法 / 316
Relaxation / 弛豫 / 317
Bonding and Grounding / 搭接和接地 / 317
Dip Pipes / 采用浸渍管 / 320
Increasing Conductivity with Additives / 使用添加剂增加导电性 / 321
Handling Solids without Flammable Vapors / 在没有可燃蒸气存在的条件下处理固体 / 321
Handling Solids with Flammable Vapors / 在可燃蒸气存在的条件下处理固体 / 321
7-4 Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments / 防爆设备和工具 / 323
Explosion-Proof Housings / 防爆外壳 / 323
Area and Material Classification / 区域和物料分类 / 324
Design of an XP Rated Area / XP级区域的设计 / 325
7-5 Ventilation / 通风 / 325
Open-Air Plants / 露天装置 / 325
Plants Inside Buildings / 建筑内的装置 / 326
7-6 Sprinkler Systems / 喷淋系统 / 329
7-7 Industry’s Fire and Explosion Protection Strategy / 工业防火防爆方法 / 332
Practices / 实践 / 332
Passive and Active Systems / 被动和主动系统 / 333
Plant Fire Protection Infrastructure / 工厂防火基础设施 / 333
Documentation of Fire and Explosion Protection Strategy / 防火防爆方法档案 / 334
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 334
Problems / 习题 / 334
第8章 Chemical Reactivity / 化学反应性 337
8-1 Background Understanding / 背景介绍 / 338
8-2 Commitment, Awareness, and Identification of Reactive Chemical Hazards / 反应性化学危害的承诺、认知和辨识 / 340
8-3 Characterization of Reactive Chemical Hazards Using Calorimeters / 用量热仪表征反应性化学危害 / 346
Introduction to Reactive Hazards Calorimetry / 反应性危害量热简介 / 347
Theoretical Analysis of Calorimeter Data / 量热仪数据的理论分析 / 353
Estimation of Parameters from Calorimeter Data / 量热仪数据的参数估算 / 364
Adjusting the Data for the Heat Capacity of the Sample Vessel / 样品容器热容数据的调整 / 369
Heat of Reaction Data from Calorimeter Data / 量热仪的反应热数据 / 370
Using Pressure Data from the Calorimeter / 量热仪压力数据的使用 / 370
Application of Calorimeter Data / 量热仪数据的应用 / 371
8-4 Controlling Reactive Hazards / 反应性化学危害的控制 / 372
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 374
Problems / 习题 / 374
第9章 Introduction to Reliefs / 泄放概述 379
9-1 Relief Concepts / 泄放的概念 / 380
9-2 Definitions / 泄放相关术语 / 381
9-3 Code Requirements / 规范及要求 / 383
9-4 Relief System Design / 泄放系统设计 / 386
Fire Protection / 防火 / 391
9-5 Relief Types and Characteristics / 泄放设备的类型和特征 / 391
Spring-Operated Reliefs / 弹簧式泄放阀 / 392
Rupture Discs / 爆破片 / 394
Buckling or Rupture Pin Reliefs / 屈曲或销式泄放阀 / 395
Pilot-Operated Reliefs / 先导式泄放阀 / 396
Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Reliefs / 不同泄放设备的优缺点 / 400
9-6 Relief Installation Practices / 泄放设备安装实践 / 400
9-7 Relief Effluent Handling / 泄放物的处置 / 403
Horizontal Knockout Drum / 水平分液罐 / 405
Flares / 火炬 / 405
Scrubbers / 洗涤器 / 406
Condensers / 冷凝器 / 406
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 406
Problems / 习题 / 406
第10章 Relief Sizing / 泄放尺寸 411
10-1 Set Pressure and Accumulation Limits for Reliefs / 泄放设备的设定压力和累积压力限值 / 413
10-2 Relief Sizing for Liquid Service / 液体装置的泄放尺寸 / 415
10-3 Relief Sizing for Vapor and Gas Service / 蒸气和气体装置的泄放尺寸 / 422
Subcritical Vapor/Gas Flow / 亚临界蒸气/气体流 / 424
Steam Flow Relief Sizing / 蒸汽流的泄放尺寸 / 424
Rupture Disc Sizing / 爆破片泄放尺寸 / 424
Pilot-Operated Relief Sizing / 先导式泄放阀泄放尺寸 / 425
Buckling Pin Relief Sizing / 屈曲或销式泄放阀泄放尺寸 / 425
10-4 Two-Phase Flow during Runaway Reaction Relief / 失控反应器泄放的两相流 / 428
10-5 Deflagration Venting for Dust and Vapor Explosions / 粉尘和蒸气爆炸的爆燃泄放 / 434
Vents for Gases/Vapors and Mists / 气体/蒸气和雾气的泄放 / 436
Vents for Dusts and Hybrid Mixtures / 粉尘和混合物的泄放 / 439
10-6 Venting for Fires External to the Process / 火灾环境下工艺容器的泄放 / 440
10-7 Reliefs for Thermal Expansion of Process Fluids / 工艺流体热膨胀的泄放 / 444
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 447
Problems / 习题 / 449
第11章 Hazards Identification and Evaluation / 危害辨识和评估 453
11-1 Introduction to Hazard Identification/ Evaluation and Risk Analysis / 危害辨识/评估和风险分析简介 / 455
11-2 Non-Scenario-Based Hazard Identification/Evaluation Methods / 基于非事故场景的危害辨识/评估方法 / 463
Checklist Analysis / 安全检查表分析 / 463
Safety Reviews / 安全审查 / 466
Inherent Safety Reviews / 本质安全审查 / 467
Preliminary Hazard Analysis / 预先危险分析 / 468
Relative Ranking / 相对危害等级分析 / 469
11-3 Scenario-Based Hazard Identification/ Evaluation Methods / 基于事故场景的危害辨识/评估方法 / 471
Hazard and Operability Studies / 危险和可操作性研究 / 471
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis / 故障模式及影响分析 / 479
What-If Analysis / 假设分析 / 482
What-If/Checklist Analysis / 假设/检查表分析 / 482
11-4 Documentation and Actions Required for Hazard Identification and Evaluation / 危害辨识和评估所需的方法和文档 / 483
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 483
Problems / 习题 / 483
第12章 Risk Analysis and Assessment / 风险分析和评价 487
12-1 Review of Probability Theory / 概率论回顾 / 487
Interactions between Process Units / 工艺单元间的相互作用 / 489
Revealed and Unrevealed Failures / 显性失效和隐性失效 / 496
Probability of Coincidence / 重合概率 / 499
Redundancy / 冗余 / 500
Common-Cause Failures / 共模失效 / 501
12-2 Event Trees / 事件树 / 501
12-3 Fault Trees / 事故树 / 506
Determining the Minimal Cut Sets / 小割集的确定 / 509
Quantitative Calculations Using the Fault Tree / 事故树的定量计算 / 512
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fault Trees / 事故树的优缺点 / 512
12-4 Bow-Tie Diagrams / 领结图 / 513
12-5 Quantitative Risk Analysis / 定量风险分析 / 514
12-6 Layer of Protection Analysis / 保护层分析 / 515
Estimating the LOPA Consequence / LOPA后果评估 / 518
Estimating the LOPA Frequency / LOPA频率评估 / 518
12-7 Risk Assessment / 风险评价 / 526
Consequence versus Frequency Plot / 后果与频率曲线图 / 526
Individual Risk: Risk Contours / 个人风险: 风险等值线 / 526
Societal Risk: F-N Plots / 社会风险: F-N图 / 527
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 530
Problems / 习题 / 530
第13章 Safety Strategies, Procedures, and Designs / 安全策略、程序与设计 533
13-1 Process Safety Strategies / 过程安全策略 / 533
Process Safety Hierarchy / 过程安全层级 / 533
Human Factors / 人为因素 / 533
Managing Safety / 安全管理 / 534
Incident Investigations / 事故调查 / 535
Root Cause Analysis / 根本原因分析 / 536
13-2 Safe Operating Procedures / 安全操作程序 / 537
13-3 Safe Work Practices / 安全作业准则 / 538
Hot Work / 动火作业 / 539
Energy Isolation (Lock-Out/Tag-Out—LOTO; Lock, Tag, Try) / 隔绝能量（上锁/挂牌; 上锁-挂牌-测试）/ 539
Confined-Space Entry (Vessel Entry) / 进入受限空间（进入容器内）/ 540
13-4 Designs for Process Safety / 过程安全设计 / 541
Inherently Safer Designs / 本质安全设计 / 541
Controls: Emergency Isolation Valves / 紧急隔离阀控制 / 541
Controls: Double Block and Bleed / 双关双泄放控制 / 541
Controls: Safeguards and Redundancy / 安全防护措施或冗余控制 / 542
Controls: Explosion Suppression / 抑爆控制 / 543
Flame Arrestors / 阻火器 / 544
Containment / 容纳系统 / 544
Materials of Construction / 设备选材 / 545
Process Vessels / 工艺容器 / 546
Miscellaneous Designs for Preventing Fires and Explosions / 防火和防爆设计 / 547
13-5 Designs for Runaway Reactions / 失控反应设计 / 547
13-6 Designs and Practices for the Safe Handling of Dusts / 粉尘安全处理的设计和实践 / 548
Preventing Dust Explosions / 防止粉尘爆炸 / 549
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 549
Problems / 习题 / 550
第14章 Case Histories and Lessons Learned / 事故案例及经验教训 551
14-1 Process Safety Culture / 过程安全文化 / 552
Case History: Explosions at a Refinery Due to Inadequate Process Safety Culture / 事故案例：因缺乏过程安全文化而导致的炼油厂爆炸事故 / 552
14-2 Compliance with Standards / 安全标准的遵守 / 553
Case History: Dust Explosions at a Pharmaceutical Plant Due to Inadequate Training on the Use of Standards / 事故案例：因对使用标准的培训不足导致的制药厂粉尘爆炸事故 / 553
14-3 Process Safety Competency / 过程安全能力 / 554
Case History: An Explosion of a Blender Due to Inadequate Knowledge of Chemical Process Safety / 事故案例：因缺乏化工过程安全知识导致的搅拌器爆炸事故 / 554
14-4 Workplace Involvement / 工作场所的参与度 / 555
Case History: A Fatality in a Ribbon Blender Due to an Inadequate Lock-Out/Tag-Out Permit System / 事故案例：因缺乏上锁/挂牌许可程序导致的带式搅拌器死亡事故 / 555
14-5 Stakeholder Outreach / 与利益相关者沟通 / 556
Case History: Increased Consequences in an Adjacent Community Due to Inadequate Outreach / 事故案例：缺乏沟通而导致事故后果升级扩大到毗邻企业 / 556
14-6 Process Knowledge Management / 过程安全知识管理 / 556
Case History: A Runaway Reaction and Explosion Due to Inadequate Process Knowledge Management / 事故案例：缺乏过程安全知识管理引发的失控反应和爆炸事故 / 556
14-7 Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis / 危害辨识和风险分析 / 557
Case History: A Chemical Release and Fire Due to Inadequate Identification of Brittle Metal Failure / 事故案例：未对脆性金属故障进行有效识别而导致的化学物质释放和火灾事故 / 557
14-8 Operating Procedures / 操作程序 / 558
Case History: A Fatality from a Runaway Reaction Due to Inadequate Training on the Use of Procedures / 事故案例：因未对操作程序进行充分的培训而导致的失控反应死亡事故 / 558
Case History: Runaway Reaction and Explosion Due to Inadequate Procedures / 事故案例：不当的操作程序引发的失控反应和爆炸事故 / 559
14-9 Safe Work Practices / 安全作业准则 / 559
Case History: An Explosion Due to a Missing Hot-Work-Permit System / 事故案例：因缺少动火作业许可系统导致的爆炸事故 / 560
14-10 Asset Integrity and Reliability / 资产的完整性和可靠性 / 560
Case History: A Catastrophic Pipe Rupture Due to an Inadequate Asset Integrity Program / 事故案例：由于资产完整性规划不充分而导致的灾难性管道破裂事故 / 561
14-11 Contractor Management / 承包商管理 / 561
Case History: Fire and Fatalities in a Tunnel Due to Poor Management of Contractors / 事故案例：由于承包商管理不善造成的隧道火灾和死亡事故 / 561
14-12 Training and Performance Assurance / 安全培训和工作表现 / 562
Case History: An LPG Leak and BLEVE Due to Inadequate Training / 事故案例：由于培训不足而导致的液化石油气泄漏和沸腾液体膨胀蒸气爆炸事故 / 562
14-13 Management of Change / 变更管理 / 563
Case History: An Explosion Due to Missing Management of Change Procedure / 事故案例：在变更过程中缺乏管理导致的爆炸事故 / 563
14-14 Operational Readiness / 作业准备 / 564
Case History: A Fatality in a Ribbon Blender Due to an Inadequate Pre-Startup Safety Review / 事故案例：由于启动前对带式搅拌器的安全审查不充分导致的死亡事故 / 564
14-15 Conduct of Operations / 进行中的作业 / 565
Case History: Explosions in a Refinery Due to Inadequate Conduct of Operations / 事故案例：因员工操作不当引起的炼油厂爆炸事故 / 565
Case History: A Toxic Release Due to Inadequate Conduct of Operations / 事故案例：由于操作不当导致的有毒物质释放事故 / 565
14-16 Emergency Management / 应急管理 / 566
Case History: An Ammonium Nitrate Explosion Due to Inadequate Emergency Management / 事故案例：由于应急管理不力导致的硝酸铵爆炸事故 / 566
Case History: An Explosion in a Pesticide Plant Due to Inadequate Emergency Management / 事故案例：由于应急管理不到位而发生的农药厂爆炸事故 / 567
14-17 Incident Investigation / 事故调查 / 567
Case History: Space Shuttle Fatalities Caused by Inadequate Incident Investigations / 事故案例：因事故调查不充分导致的航天飞机失事事故 / 568
Case History: Explosions in a Sugar Refinery Due to Inadequate Incident Investigations / 事故案例：因事故调查不充分导致的炼糖厂爆炸事故 / 568
14-18 Measurement and Metrics / 安全计量和指标 / 569
Case History: Flight Failure of Mars Orbiter Due to Inadequate Analysis of Flight Path Deviations / 事故案例：因对飞行路径偏差的分析不充分而导致的火星轨道飞行器的飞行失败事故 / 569
Case History: Explosions in an Oil Refinery Due to Inadequate Focus on Process Safety Metrics / 事故案例：对过程安全指标重视不够造成的炼油厂爆炸事故 / 569
14-19 Auditing / 安全审查 / 570
Case History: Explosion in a Gas Plant Due to an Inadequate Audit of Asset Integrity and Reliability / 事故案例：由于资产完整性和可靠性审查不足导致的天然气厂爆炸事故 / 570
14-20 Management Review and Continuous Improvement / 安全管理审查和持续改进 / 570
Case History: An Explosion Due to the Failure of Many RBPS Elements / 事故案例：由于众多RBPS元素失效而导致的爆炸事故 / 571
14-21 Summary / 总结 / 571
Suggested Reading / 推荐读物 / 571
Problems / 习题 / 572
APPENDIX / 附录 573
A Unit Conversion Constants / 单位换算常数 / 573
B Flammability Data for Selected Hydrocarbons / 常见碳氢化合物的燃烧数据 / 576
C Saturation Vapor Pressure Data / 饱和蒸气压数据 / 581
D Special Types of Reactive Chemicals / 特殊类型的反应性化学物质 / 582
E Hazardous Chemicals Data for a Variety of Chemical Substances / 化学物质的危险特性数据 / 588
F Process Diagrams / 流程图 / 594
Nomenclature / 符号表 598
Index / 电子索引
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