计算

导论 ....................................................................................................................................1
第一部分 计算的诞生
第 1 章 毕达哥拉斯的困惑..............................................................................................24
数的计算 .......................................................................................................................24
从数觉到计数 .......................................................................................................24
文明古国的计算 ...................................................................................................28
毕达哥拉斯学派 ...........................................................................................................30
柏拉图的理想世界 .......................................................................................................40
第一次数学危机 ...........................................................................................................44
无理数的发现 .......................................................................................................44
芝诺悖论：无穷之辩 ...........................................................................................46
演绎推理：逻辑学和几何学 .......................................................................................51
亚里士多德的逻辑学 ...........................................................................................51
欧几里得的《几何原本》 ...................................................................................55
悖论：推理的暗面 ...............................................................................................59
第 2 章 计算之术 ............................................................................................................62
代数：字符的计算 .......................................................................................................62
符号与代数 ...................................................................................................................63
零的诞生 ...............................................................................................................63
言辞代数 ...............................................................................................................65
未知量的表示 .......................................................................................................68
还原与对消 ...........................................................................................................70
代数符号 ...............................................................................................................73
求解多项式方程 ...........................................................................................................77
从数值解到代数解 ...............................................................................................77
三次方程的求根公式 ...........................................................................................81
不可约：复数的发现 ...........................................................................................84
数系的扩张 ...........................................................................................................89
代数基本定理 .......................................................................................................92
代数的结构 ...................................................................................................................94
求解一元五次方程 ...............................................................................................94
方程根的结构 .......................................................................................................95
伽罗瓦的遗珠 .....................................................................................................101
计算工具 .....................................................................................................................108
人类计算员 .........................................................................................................109
面向机器的计算思维 .........................................................................................111
第 3 章 莱布尼茨的计算之梦 ........................................................................................116
数理逻辑的创立 .........................................................................................................117
人类思想字母表 .........................................................................................................120
思想的大衍术 .....................................................................................................121
计算之梦 .....................................................................................................................125
思维规律的研究 .........................................................................................................127
19 世纪数理逻辑的复兴 ....................................................................................127
布尔的逻辑代数 .................................................................................................129
第二部分 计算的数学基础
第 4 章 数学的基础.......................................................................................................136
第二次数学危机 .........................................................................................................136
微积分的发明 .....................................................................................................136
消失的鬼魂：贝克莱悖论 .................................................................................139
分析的严格化 .....................................................................................................140
集合论的诞生 .............................................................................................................142
无穷大有多大 .....................................................................................................142
对角线方法 .........................................................................................................146
康托尔的超穷数 .........................................................................................................148
超穷基数与超穷序数 .........................................................................................148
连续统假设 .........................................................................................................152
算术的逻辑化 .............................................................................................................156
弗雷格的“概念文字” .....................................................................................156
自然数的定义 .....................................................................................................159
第 5 章 第三次数学危机 ...............................................................................................163
危机：罗素悖论 .........................................................................................................163
集合论悖论 .........................................................................................................163
自我指涉 .............................................................................................................165
悖论的解决方法 .................................................................................................168
逻辑主义进路 .............................................................................................................169
直觉主义进路 ...................................................................................................