简明医学机能学实验指导

目录第一章? 医学机能学实验导论 1第一节? 医学机能学实验的发展及分类 2一、医学机能学实验的发展 2二、医学机能学实验研究的层次和实验类型 3第二节? 医学机能学实验室的基本规范及安全守则 4一、实验课要求 4二、实验室基本规范及安全守则 5第三节? 医学机能学实验常用试剂的配制 6一、生理盐水（normal saline，NS） 6二、任氏液（Ringer’s solution） 6三、台氏液（Tyrode’s solution） 6第四节? 医学机能学实验报告的格式及写作要求 7一、一般要求 7二、实验报告的基本格式 7第五节? 医学机能学实验病例讨论 9一、病例讨论在教学中的实施 9二、病例讨论的基本步骤 10三、病例讨论的要点 10四、病例讨论示例 11第二章? 医学机能学实验中的动物实验 13第一节? 实验动物的分类及选择 13一、实验动物的分类 13二、实验动物的选择 14三、机能学实验常用的实验动物 15第二节? 医学机能学动物实验的基本操作 17一、两栖类动物实验基本操作技能 17二、啮齿类动物实验基本操作技能 18三、哺乳类动物实验基本操作技能 23第三节? 实验动物福利与动物实验伦理 25一、概述 25二、实验动物福利 26三、动物实验的“3R”原则 26四、动物实验的伦理审查 27第四节? BL-420生物数据采集和分析系统简介 27一、BL-420系统概述 27二、BL-420系统原理 28三、BL-420F软件工具条介绍 28第五节? 医学机能学经典动物实验 40实验一? 坐骨神经-腓肠肌标本制备 40实验二? 刺激强度对肌肉收缩的影响 43实验三? 刺激频率对肌肉收缩的影响 45实验四? 神经干动作电位的引导 46实验五? 蛙心起搏点观察 49实验六? 期前收缩和代偿间隙 51实验七? 呼吸运动的调节 53实验八? 心血管系统活动的调节 56实验九? 消化道平滑肌的生理特性 58实验十? 影响尿生成的因素 60实验十一? 反射弧分析 62实验十二? 缺氧模型制备与观察 64实验十三? 影响缺氧耐受性的因素 66实验十四? 高钾血症及其解救 68实验十五? 肠缺血再灌注损伤 70实验十六? 失血性休克 72实验十七? 急性右心衰竭 74实验十八? 呼吸衰竭 75实验十九? 氨在肝性脑病发病机制中的作用 77实验二十? 不同给药途径对药物作用的影响 78实验二十一? 药物的量效关系 79实验二十二? 肝功能对戊巴比妥钠催眠作用的影响 81实验二十三? 传出神经系统药物对动脉血压的影响 82实验二十四? 地西泮对抗中枢兴奋药的致惊厥作用 84实验二十五? 利多卡因的抗心律失常作用 85第三章? 医学机能学实验中的人体实验 87第一节? WebChart-400人体生理实验系统介绍 87一、系统主界面 87二、实验项目界面 87第二节? 医学机能学经典人体实验 90实验一? ABO血型鉴定 90实验二? 动脉血压测定 92实验三? 心音听诊 94实验四? 心电图检测 96实验五? 人体呼吸运动的记录 99实验六? 视力测定 101实验七? 盲点检查 102实验八? 视野测定 104实验九? 色盲检测 105实验十? 声音的传导方式 107实验十一? 膝跳反射的引导和观察 109实验十二? 人类听觉和视觉反应 111第四章? 医学机能学实验研究 113第一节? 医学实验研究的基本原理 113一、医学实验研究方法与实验设计 113二、实验设计的一般规则 113三、实验设计的基本要点 116第二节? 研究论文的撰写及发表 117一、研究论文的基本结构 117二、在期刊上发表论文 120第三节? 医学机能学实验设计与实施 122一、实验设计报告（实验前报告）的格式 122二、完整实验报告（实验后报告）的格式 123三、期刊论文形式的实验报告格式 123附录1? 经典生理学实验报告样例 124附录2? 实验设计报告样例 126附录3? 实验设计正式报告样例 129附录4? CO发生装置及相关机制 134附录5? 小鼠耗氧量测定 135附录6? 哺乳类动物实验基本操作技能 136附录7? BL-420N生物信号采集与分析系统简介 138附录8? HPS-102人体生理实验系统介绍 146Chapter I?Introduction to Medical Functional Experiment 150Section 1?The Development and Basic Types of Medical Functional Experiment 1511． The development of medical functional experiment 1512． Basic level and types of medical functional experiment 153Section 2?The Basic Code and Safety Rules of the Functional Laboratory 1541． Requirements of experimental class 1542． Laboratory code and safety guideline 155Section 3?Preparation of Common Reagents for Medical Functional Experiment 1561． Normal saline 1562． Ringer’s solution 1573． Tyrode’s solution 157Section 4?Formats and Requirements of Medical Functional Experiment Reports 1581． General requirements 1582． Basic format of experiment reports 158Section 5?Clinical Case Discussion in Medical Functional Experiment 1601． Basic steps for case discussion in medical functional experiment 1612． The main principles followed in case discussion 1623． Example of case discussion 162Chapter II?Animal Experiments in Medical Functional Experiment 164Section 1?The Classification and Selection of Laboratory Animals 1641． Classification of laboratory animals 1642． Selection of laboratory animals 1653． Laboratory animals commonly used in functional experiments 166Section 2?Basic Operating Techniques of Medical Functional Animal Experiment 1691． Basic operating techniques of amphibians experiment 1692． Basic operating techniques of rodents experiment 1703． Basic operating techniques of mammals experiment 177Section 3?Welfare of Laboratory Animals and Ethics of Animal Experiment 1801． Introduction 1802． The welfare of laboratory animals 1813． Principles of 3R in animal experiment 1814． The ethical review of animal experiment 182Section 4 Introduction to BL-420 Biological Data Acquisition and Analysis Systems 1821． Overview of BL-420 system 1822． Principle of BL-420 system 1833． Introduction to BL-420F software tool bar 184Section 5?Classical Animal Experiments in Medical Functional Experiment 197Experiment 1?Sciatic-gastrocnemius preparation 197Experiment 2?The effects of stimulation intensity on muscle contraction 200Experiment 3?The effects of stimulation frequency on muscle contraction 202Experiment 4?Induction of the compound AP of nerve trunk 204Experiment 5?Observation of the cardiac pacemaker of a frog 207Experiment 6?Extrasystole and compensatory pause of the frog heart 209Experiment 7?Regulation of respiration movement 211Experiment 8?Regulation of cardiovascular system activities 214Experiment 9?Physiological properties of smooth muscle of digestive tract 217Experiment 10?Factors affecting urine formation 219Experiment 11?The analysis of reflex arc 222Experiment 12?Preparation and observation of hypoxia model 223Experiment 13?Factors affecting hypoxic tolerance 226Experiment 14?Hyperkalemia and its rescue 228Experiment 15?Ischemia reperfusion injury in intestines 230Experiment 16?Hemorrhagic shock 232Experiment 17?Acute right heart failure 234Experiment 18?Respiratory failure 236Experiment 19 The role of ammonia in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy 238Experiment 20?Influence of administration route on drug action 240Experiment 21?Dose-effect relationship of drugs 241Experiment 22 Influence of hepatic function on the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital sodium 243Experiment 23 Effect of drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system on blood pressure 244Experiment 24 The effect of diazepam on convulsion induced by central stimulants 246Experiment 25?Antiarrhythmic effects of lidocaine 247Chapter III?Human Experiments in Medical Functional Experiment 249Section 1?Introduction to WebChart-400 system for human experiments 2491． Main interface of the system 2492． Experiment interface 249Section 2?Classical Human Experiments in Medical Functional Experiment 253Experiment 1?Determination of ABO blood types 253Experiment 2?Measurement of blood pressure 255Experiment 3?Detection of heart sound 257Experiment 4?Recording of an electrocardiogram 259Experiment 5?Recording of human respiratory movement 262Experiment 6?Examination of visual acuity 265Experiment 7?Examination of blind spot 266Experiment 8?Examination of visual fields 268Experiment 9?Examination of color blindness 270Experiment 10?The ways of sound conduction 272Experiment 11?Induction and observation of knee jerk reflex 274Experiment 12?Human auditory and visual responses 276Chapter IV?Experimental Research of Medical Functional Experiment 279Section 1?The Basic Principle of Medical Experimental Research 2791． Medical experimental research method and experimental design 2792． General rules for the experimental design 2803． The basic key points of the experimental design 283Section 2?The Writing and Publication of Research Paper 2841． Basic structure of scientific papers 2842． Publish scientific papers in journals 288Section 3 Experimental Design and Implementation in Medical Functional Experiment 2911． The format of the experimental design report/pre-lab report 2912． The format of a full experimental report 2913． The format of experimental report in form of journal published paper 292Appendix 1?An example of a typical physiology experimental report 293Appendix 2?An example of physiological experimental design 295Appendix 3?An example of a full Lab report 298Appendix 4?CO generator device and related mechanism 305Appendix 5?Measurement of oxygen consumption in mice 306Appendix 6?Basic technique for mammal experiments 307Appendix 7 Brief introduction to BL-420N data acquisiton and analysis system 309Appendix 8 An introduction to HPS-102 human physiology experimental system 318参考文献 322