射电天文学（英文版 全2册）

射电天文学. 观测方法 分册目录
CHAPTER 1 Introductory Material 射电天文学基础
1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF RADIO ASTRONOMY 射电天文学简史
1.2 SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIO WAVES 射电波的一些基本原理
1.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 电磁辐射
1.2.2 Spectroscopy 频谱学
1.3 FINDING OUR WAY IN THE SKY 在天空中定位
1.3.1 Sky Coordinate System: Right Ascension and Declination 天球坐标系：赤经和赤纬
1.3.2 Observer-Centered Definitions 以观测者为中心的定义
1.3.3 Apparent Sizes 表观尺寸
1.4 BASIC STRUCTURE OF A TRADITIONAL RADIO TELESCOPE 传统射电望远镜的基本结构
1.4.1 Parabolic Reflector 抛物面式反射面
1.4.2 Mount 座架
1.4.3 Feeds, Receivers, and Computer 馈源、接收机和计算机
1.5 RADIO MAPS 射电成图
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Radiation Physics 辐射物理学简介
2.1 MEASURES OF THE AMOUNT OF RADIATION 辐射量的测量
2.1.1 Total Energy Emitted 辐射的总能量
2.1.2 Luminosity 光度
2.1.3 Flux 流量
2.1.4 Flux Density 流量密度
2.1.5 Intensity 强度
2.1.6 Relation between Intensity and the Electric Field and Magnetic Field Waves 强度与电磁场波之间的关系
2.2 BLACKBODY RADIATION 黑体辐射
2.3 RAYLEIGHCJEANS APPROXIMATION 瑞利C金斯近似
2.4 BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE 亮温度
2.5 COHERENT RADIATION 相干辐射
2.6 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT 光的干涉
2.7 POLARIZATION OF RADIATION 辐射的偏振
2.7.1 Stokes Parameters 斯托克斯参数
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 3 Radio Telescopes 射电望远镜
3.1 RADIO TELESCOPE REFLECTORS, ANTENNAS, AND FEEDS 射电望远镜的反射面、天线和馈源
3.1.1 Primary Reflectors 主反射面
3.1.2 Beam Pattern 波束图
3.1.3 Feeds and Primary Reflector Illumination 馈源和主反射面照明
3.1.4 Surface Errors 表面误差
3.1.5 Beam Pattern Revisited* 再谈波束图
3.2 HETERODYNE RECEIVERS 外差式接收机
3.2.1 Transmission Lines 传输线
3.2.2 Front-End Receiver Components 接收机前端组件
3.2.3 Back-End Receiver Components 接收机后端组件
3.2.4 High-Frequency Heterodyne Receivers 高频外差式接收机
3.3 NOISE, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND ANTENNA TEMPERATURE 噪声、噪声温度和天线温度
3.4 BOLOMETER DETECTORS 辐射热探测计
3.5 SPECTROMETERS 频谱仪
3.5.1 Filter Bank Spectrometer 滤波器组式频谱仪
3.5.2 Digital Spectrometers* 数字式频谱仪
3.6 VERY LOW-FREQUENCY RADIO ASTRONOMY 甚低频射电天文学
3.6.1 Low-Frequency Window 低频窗口
3.6.2 Antennas 天线
3.6.3 Receivers 接收机
3.6.4 Radio Frequency Interference 射频干扰
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 4 Single-Dish Radio Telescope Observations 单口径射电望远镜观测
4.1 BASIC MEASUREMENTS WITH A SINGLE-DISH TELESCOPE 单口径望远镜的基本测量
4.1.1 Switched Observations 开关式观测
4.1.2 Determination of System Temperature 系统温度的确定
4.1.3 Measurement of Antenna Temperature 天线温度的测量
4.1.4 Uncertainty in the Measured Antenna Temperature 测量天线温度的不确定性
4.2 ANTENNA BEAM 天线波束
4.2.1 Beam Power Pattern and Antenna Solid Angle 波束功率方向图和天线立体角
4.2.2 Main Beam and Angular Resolution 主波束和角分辨率
4.2.3 Main Beam Efficiency 主波束效率
4.2.4 Detected Power from Extended Sources 从扩展源中探测功率
4.3 OBSERVING RESOLVED VERSUS UNRESOLVED SOURCES 观测可解析源与不可解析源
4.3.1 Unresolved Sources 不可解析源
4.3.2 Resolved Sources 可解析源
4.3.3 Uniform Source That Fills the Sky 充满天空的均匀源
4.3.4 Brightness Temperature versus Antenna Temperature, Beam Dilution, and Beam Filling Factor 亮温度与天线温度、波束稀释和波束填充系数的关系
4.4 SPECTRAL-LINE OBSERVATIONS 谱线观测
4.4.1 Spectral Parameters 频谱参数
4.4.2 Frequency Switching 频率切换
4.5 OBTAINING RADIO IMAGES 获取射电图像
4.5.1 Convolution with Beam Pattern 与波束图的卷积
4.5.2 Deconvolution 去卷积
4.6 CALIBRATION OF A RADIO TELESCOPE 射电望远镜的校准
4.6.1 Pointing Corrections 指向校正
4.6.2 Calibration of the Gain, Effective Area, and Gain Curve 增益、有效面积和增益曲线的校准
4.6.3 Measuring the Beam Pattern and Main Beam Efficiency 测量波束图和主波束效率
4.6.4 Calculating Antenna Solid Angle and Main Beam Efficiency 计算天线立体角和主波束效率
4.7 TELESCOPE SENSITIVITY CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING AN OBSERVATION 规划观测时关于望远镜灵敏度的考虑
4.8 POLARIZATION CALIBRATION* 偏振校准
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 5 Aperture Synthesis Basics: Two-Element Interferometers 综合孔径基础：两单元干涉仪
5.1 WHY APERTURE SYNTHESIS 为什么要综合孔径
5.2 TWO-ELEMENT INTERFEROMETER 两单元干涉仪
5.3 OBSERVATIONS OF A SINGLE-POINT SOURCE 单点源的观测
5.3.1 Response of the Additive Interferometer 相加干涉仪的响应
5.3.2 Response of the Multiplicative Interferometer 相关干涉仪的响应
5.3.3 Effect of Noise 噪声的影响
5.4 FRINGE FUNCTION 条纹函数
5.5 VISIBILITY FUNCTION 可见度函数
5.5.1 Analysis of Visibilities for a Single-Point Source 点源的可见度函数分析
5.6 OBSERVATIONS OF A PAIR OF UNRESOLVED SOURCES 一对不可解析源的观测
5.7 OBSERVATIONS OF A SINGLE EXTENDED SOURCE 单个扩展源的观测
5.8 COHERENCE AND THE EFFECTS OF FINITE BANDWIDTH AND INTEGRATION TIME 有限带宽与积分时间的相干性及其影响
5.8.1 Bandwidth Smearing 带宽导致的模糊
5.8.2 Time Smearing 时间导致的模糊
5.9 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERFEROMETRY 干涉测量的基本原理
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 6 Aperture Synthesis: Advanced Discussion 综合孔径： 讨论
6.1 CROSS-CORRELATION OF RECEIVED SIGNALS 接收信号的互相关
6.2 COMPLEX-VALUED CROSS-CORRELATION 复值互相关
6.3 COMPLEX CORRELATION OF A POINT SOURCE AT A SINGLE FREQUENCY 单频上点源的复相关
6.4 EXTENDED SOURCES AND THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 扩展源和傅里叶变换
6.5 FOURIER TRANSFORMS FOR SOME COMMON SOURCE SHAPES 常见形状源的傅里叶变换
6.5.1 Visibility Function of a Point Source 点源的可见度函数
6.5.2 Visibility Function of Two Point Sources 双点源的可见度函数
6.5.3 Visibility Function of a Gaussian Profile 高斯轮廓源的可见度函数
6.6 THREE DIMENSIONS, THE EARTH’S ROTATION, AND THE COMPLEX FRINGE FUNCTION 三维空间、地球自转和复条纹函数
6.7 NONZERO BANDWIDTH AND FINITE INTEGRATION TIME 非零带宽和有限积分时间
6.8 SOURCE STRUCTURE AND THE VISIBILITY FUNCTION 源结构和可见度函数
6.8.1 Sky Coordinates and the Visibility Function 天球坐标和可见度函数
6.8.2 uv-Plane uv平面
6.8.3 Visibility Functions of Simple Structures 简单结构的可见度函数
6.9 THE EARTH’S ROTATION AND UV TRACKS 地球自转和 uv 轨迹
6.10 INTERFEROMETERS AS SPATIAL FILTERS 干涉仪作为空间滤波器
6.11 SENSITIVITY AND DETECTION LIMITS 灵敏度和探测极限
6.11.1 Noise in a Visibility 可见度中的噪声
6.11.2 Image Sensitivity 图像灵敏度
6.11.3 Brightness Sensitivity 亮度灵敏度
6.12 CALIBRATION 校准
6.13 IMAGE FORMATION 图像形成
6.13.1 Image Dimensions and Gridding Parameters 图像尺寸和网格参数
6.13.2 Dirty Map and Dirty Beam 脏图和脏波束
6.13.3 uv Weighting Schemes uv加权方案
6.13.4 CLEANing the Map: Deconvolving the Dirty Beam 洁化图像：对脏波束去卷积
6.13.5 Self-Calibration and Closure Phase and Amplitude 自校准、闭合相位和振幅
6.14 VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY* 甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI）
6.14.1 VLBI Resolution and Sensitivity VLBI的分辨率和灵敏度
6.14.2 Hardware Considerations for VLBI VLBI的硬件考虑
6.14.3 Fringe Searching or Fringe Fitting 条纹搜索或条纹拟合
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
Appendix A Constants and Conversions 常量及其单位换算
Appendix B Derivation of Beam Pattern 波束图的推导
Appendix C Cross-Correlations 互相关
Appendix D Complex-Exponential Form of Wave Functions 波函数的复指数形式
Appendix E Primer on Fourier Transforms, with Focus on Use in Aperture Synthesis 综合孔径应用中的傅里叶变换
Appendix F Wiener-Khinchin Theorem 维纳-欣钦定理
Appendix G Interferometer Simulation Activities 干涉仪的仿真
Index 索引
射电天文学. 天体物理学 分册目录
CHAPTER 1 Introductory Material 射电天文学基础
1.1 UNITS AND NOMENCLATURE 单位和命名法
1.1.1 Issues with Units of Electricity and Magnetism 电和磁单位的问题
1.1.2 Astronomy Units 天文学单位
1.1.3 Nomenclature for Atomic Ionization States 原子电离态的命名法
1.2 RADIATION MEASURES 辐射测量
1.2.1 Luminosity 光度
1.2.2 Flux 流量
1.2.3 Flux Density 流量密度
1.2.4 Intensity 强度
1.2.5 Polarization 偏振
1.3 SKY COORDINATES 天球坐标系
1.3.1 Equatorial Coordinate System 赤道坐标系
1.3.2 Galactic Coordinate System 银河坐标系
1.4 DOPPLER EFFECT 多普勒效应
1.4.1 Classical Doppler Effect 经典多普勒效应
1.4.2 Relativistic Doppler Effect 相对论多普勒效应
1.5 COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFT AND THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE 宇宙学红移和膨胀的宇宙
1.6 DISTANCE AND AGE CALCULATIONS 距离和年龄的计算
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 2 Propagation of Radiation 辐射的传播
2.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER 辐射转移
2.1.1 Absorption of Radiation 辐射的吸收
2.1.2 Emission of Radiation 辐射的发射
2.1.3 General Radiative Transfer Equation 一般辐射转移方程
2.2 PROPAGATION IN AN IONIZED MEDIUM 在电离介质中的传播
2.2.1 Plasma Frequency 等离子体频率
2.2.2 Dispersion Measure 色散测量
2.2.3 Faraday Rotation 法拉第旋转
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 3 Continuum Emission Processes 连续辐射过程
3.1 RADIATION FROM ACCELERATED CHARGES 加速电荷的辐射
3.2 THERMAL RADIATION 热辐射
3.2.1 Blackbody Radiation 黑体辐射
3.2.2 Rayleigh-Jeans Approximation 瑞利C金斯近似
3.2.3 Brightness Temperature 亮温度
3.2.4 Thermal Bremsstrahlung Radiation (or Free-Free Emission) 热轫致辐射（或自由C自由辐射）
3.3 NON-THERMAL RADIATION 非热辐射
3.3.1 Cyclotron Radiation 回旋辐射
3.3.2 Synchrotron Radiation by a Single Relativistic Electron 单个相对论电子的同步辐射
3.3.3 Radiation by an Ensemble of Relativistic Electrons 相对论电子集合体的辐射
3.3.4 Polarization of Synchrotron Radiation 同步辐射的偏振
3.3.5 Optical Depth Effects: Synchrotron Self-Absorption 光学深度效应：同步辐射的自吸收
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 4 Spectral Lines 谱线
4.1 EMISSION AND ABSORPTION LINES 发射和吸收线
4.1.1 Einstein Coefficients 爱因斯坦系数
4.1.1.1 Spontaneous Emission 自发辐射
4.1.1.2 Absorption 吸收
4.1.1.3 Stimulated Emission 受激辐射
4.1.1.4 Absorption Coefficient 吸收系数
4.1.1.5 Relations between the Einstein A and B Coefficients 爱因斯坦A系数和B系数之间的关系
4.1.2 Line Broadening 谱线展宽
4.1.3 Spectral Line Radiative Transfer 谱线辐射转移
4.1.4 Kirchhoff’s Rules for Spectroscopy 基尔霍夫光谱学法则
4.1.5 Collisional Transition Rates and Excitation Temperature 碰撞转换率和激发温度
4.2 RADIO SPECTRAL LINES 射电谱线
4.2.1 21-cm Spectral Line of Atomic Hydrogen 氢原子的21 cm谱线
4.2.2 Radio Recombination Spectral Lines 射电复合谱线
4.2.3 Molecular Rotational Spectral Lines 分子旋转谱线
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 5 The Cold Interstellar Medium of the Milky Way 银河系中的冷星际介质
5.1 21-CM SPECTRAL LINE OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN 氢原子的21 cm谱线
5.1.1 Observations of the 21-cm Line 21 cm谱线的观测
5.1.2 Rotation Curve of the Galaxy 银河系的旋转曲线
5.1.3 Distribution of HI in the Milky Way 银河系中的中性氢分布
5.1.4 Absorption Lines - Warm and Cold Gas 温热气体的吸收线
5.1.5 Magnetic Field 磁场
5.2 OBSERVATIONS OF THE ROTATIONAL LINES OF MOLECULES 分子旋转谱线的观测
5.2.1 Molecular Clouds 分子云
5.2.2 Distribution of Molecular Clouds in the Galaxy 银河系中的分子云分布
5.2.3 Molecular Cloud Cores 分子云核
5.2.4 Astrochemistry 天体化学
5.3 OBSERVATIONS OF THE THERMAL EMISSION FROM DUST 尘埃热辐射的观测
5.3.1 Dust Extinction 尘埃消光
5.3.2 Dust Emission 尘埃辐射
5.3.3 Global Distribution of Dust 尘埃的全局分布
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 6 HⅡ Regions and Planetary Nebulae at Radio Wavelengths 射电波段的HⅡ区和行星状星云
6.1 HⅡ REGIONS HⅡ区
6.1.1 Ionization Structure of HⅡ Regions HⅡ区的电离结构
6.1.2 The Temperature of HⅡ Regions HⅡ区的温度
6.1.3 Time Scales of HⅡ Regions HⅡ区的时标
6.2 RADIO EMISSION FROM HⅡ REGIONS HⅡ区的射电辐射
6.2.1 Bremsstrahlung Emission from HⅡ Regions HⅡ区的韧致辐射
6.2.2 Radio Recombination Line Emission from HⅡ Regions HⅡ区的射电复合线辐射
6.2.3 Gas Density and Temperature from RRLs: Non-Equilibrium Effects 非平衡效应下来自射电复合线的气体密度和温度
6.3 THE CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION OF HⅡ REGIONS HⅡ区的分类与演化
6.3.1 Classification of HⅡ Regions HⅡ区的分类
6.3.2 Evolution of HⅡ Regions HⅡ区的演化
6.4 PLANETARY NEBULAE 行星状星云
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 7 Radio Emission from Stellar Objects 恒星天体的射电辐射
7.1 SOLAR RADIO EMISSION 太阳射电辐射
7.1.1 The Quiet Sun 宁静太阳
7.1.2 Slowly Varying Component of the Sun 太阳的缓慢变化成分
7.1.3 Radio Bursts 射电暴
7.2 RADIO EMISSION FROM STARS 恒星的射电辐射
7.2.1 Thermal Radio Emission 射电热辐射
7.2.1.1 Main Sequence Stars 主序星
7.2.1.2 Giant and Supergiant Stars 巨型和超巨型恒星
7.2.2 Winds from Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars 来自渐近巨支星的星风
7.2.3 Flare Stars 耀星
7.3 YOUNG STARS 年轻恒星
7.3.1 Proto-stellar Disks 原恒星盘
7.3.2 Thermal Radio Jets 射电热喷流
7.3.3 Molecular Outflows 分子外向流
7.4 RADIO PULSARS 射电脉冲星
7.4.1 Pulsar Mechanics 脉冲星机制
7.4.2 Pulsar Emission Mechanisms 脉冲星的辐射机理
7.4.3 Pulsar Searches 脉冲星搜索
7.4.4 Binary Pulsars 脉冲双星
7.4.5 Radio Pulsars as Probes of the Interstellar Medium 作为星际介质探针的射电脉冲星
7.4.6 Supernova Remnants 超新星遗迹
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 8 Galaxies at Radio Wavelengths 射电波段的星系
8.1 21-CM HI OBSERVATIONS 21 cm中性氢的观测
8.1.1 HI Mass of Galaxies 星系中的中性氢质量
8.1.2 Imaging HI in Galaxies 星系中的中性氢成像
8.2 MOLECULAR GAS IN GALAXIES 星系中的分子气体
8.2.1 Molecular Gas Mass 分子气体质量
8.2.2 Imaging CO in Galaxies 星系中的一氧化碳成像
8.2.3 Other Molecules in Galaxies 星系中的其他分子
8.3 RADIO CONTINUUM EMISSION FROM GALAXIES 星系的射电连续辐射
8.3.1 Dust Emission 尘埃辐射
8.3.2 Long Wavelength Radio Continuum Emission 长波射电连续辐射
8.4 DISTANT GALAXIES 遥远的星系
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 9 Radio Galaxies and Quasars 射电星系和类星体
9.1 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI 活动星系核（AGN）的简述
9.2 AGN MODEL AGN的模型
9.3 MORPHOLOGIES, SIZES, AND SPECTRA OF RADIO GALAXIES AND QUASARS 射电星系和类星体的形态、尺寸及频谱
9.3.1 Synchrotron Spectrum from an Inhomogeneous Source 来自非均匀源的同步辐射谱
9.3.2 Free-free Absorption of Synchrotron Radiation 同步辐射的自由C自由吸收
9.3.3 Inverse Compton Scattering and the Compton Limit 逆康普顿散射和康普顿极限
9.4 INFERRING PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN AGN 推断AGN中的物理条件
9.4.1 Spectral Index Maps 谱指数图
9.4.2 Kinematic Studies 运动学研究
9.4.3 Magnetic Field Estimates 磁场估计
9.4.4 Electron Cooling Timescales and the Nature of Hot Spots in Jets 电子冷却时标和喷流中热点的性质
9.5 THE CENTER OF THE MILKY WAY 银心
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
CHAPTER 10 Cosmic Microwave Background 宇宙微波背景（CMB）
10.1 COSMOLOGICAL MODELS 宇宙学模型
10.2 BLACKBODY NATURE OF THE CMB CMB的黑体性质
10.3 ANISOTROPIES IN THE CMB CMB中的各向异性
10.4 COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 宇宙学参数
10.5 CMB POLARIZATION CMB偏振
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 习题
APPENDIX A Constants and Conversions 常量及其单位换算
APPENDIX B Mathematica Code for Calculating Age of Universe and Distances for Given Redshift 根据确定的红移计算宇宙年龄和距离的Mathematica代码
APPENDIX C Complex-Valued Wave Functions 复值波函数
APPENDIX D Derivations of the Effects of Propagation of Radiation in Ionized Media 电离介质中辐射传播效应的推导
APPENDIX E Fourier Transform 傅里叶变换
Index 索引