Ⅵ助动词
87.Have you?和Do you have?
在英文中有Have you?和Do you have?两种不同的说法;及Have you to do?和Do you have to do?两种不同的说法,不知每二者之间有何差异?
【解答】第一,我们应该明白,英国的英文和美国的英文是有些不同的。例如“have”一个动词,在用法上就大有差别,用作“所有”解时,在疑问句中,英国的英文是无需要加助动词“do”的,在美国的英文中便要加“do”而把“have”看作和其他的动词一样: Have you any brothers?(英)
Do you have any brothers?(美)
Has she blue eyes?(英)
Does she have blue eyes?(美)
How many children have you?(英)
How many children do you have?(美)但是“have”如不作“所有”解时,在英国的英文中也是要加“do”来发问的,如:
Do you have (=take) lunch out every day?(你每天都在外面吃午饭吗?)
至于have to与do——have to两种说法,美国也是并行不悖,随便怎样说都可以的,但在英国仍然有些分别,据Hornby说这句表示“必须”的“have to”,有“特殊的”与“习惯的”两种用法,如指极近的未来(immediate future)或过去的未来(futureinthe past)当中的活动,便是特殊用法,如: Have you to go to the dentist’s this morning?(你今天上午要去看牙齿吗?)
如系指经常的或习惯的活动,就说: Do you often have to go to the dentist’s?(你经常要去看牙齿吗?)
在以上两种情形不一定要正式的疑问句才行,请参看下例:
You haven’t to go to school today,have you?(特殊)
You don’t have to go to school on Sundays,do you?(习惯)在口语中常将have got to代替have to用:
What have you got to eat?(特殊)
What do you have to eat?(习惯)
He hasn’t got to work.(特殊)
He doesn't have to work.(习惯)在会话时,尤其是在美国,常将have省去,只说got,如:I got to (=must)write a letter.
又“have to”的过去有下列各种表现: had to(肯定)
did you have to
had you to
had you got to(疑问)
didn’t have to
had not to(否定)但had got to只有英国人说,美国人是不这样说的。