不应该仅仅考察双方在契约执行阶段的关系而不考察事前讨价还价关系的公正或竞争原则,这是不完整或不可取的。RobertNozick对于公正的看法是恰当的: 分配是否公平取决于它是如何进行的。相比之下,公正的现时平分原则认为分配的公正取决于物品是如何分配的(谁拥有什么)。 (1975,p 153)他提到的达成公正的现时平分方法忽视了事前的讨价还价,仅仅根据结果来评价公正与否。由于意识到公正是这样实现的,初始讨价还价达成的条款就会不同于交易各方在得到以下保证时达成的条款:在评价契约关系的优点时,将会考虑完全契约。但若采取广泛的讨价还价方法仍然面临两个难题:资源的最初分配以及各方评价复杂契约的能力。这些问题的相对重要性随着环境变化而变化。缔约双方不应该希望既获得低价格,又不必提供抵押品,鱼与熊掌不可兼得。
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