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《剑桥中国哲学导论》第二节 法家哲学中的论争(3)

剑桥中国哲学导论 作者:(新加坡)赖蕴慧


儒家的政治等级制度--尽管它所允许的普通民众的参与度非常有限--毕竟还是从仁政的角度出发承认国家治理与民众之间有着相依关系(《论语·为政》第二十一章)。法家的治国理论明显缺乏对民众地位的重视。如上所述,法家哲学已被冠以“反革命”称号,因为它拒斥治国为民的公论(Creel 1953:135)。戴闻达考察了这一意识形态的历史嬗变。战国时期的冲突与动乱促使某些人寻求强力:“这些君主首先感兴趣的,是实实在在的强力。强力成为他们权威的新源泉。”(Duyvendak 1928:80)在法家思想中,国家利益等同于君主利益。

善人与善法

韩非认为,圣王的时代已经过去,新的形势要求打破传统:

故圣人议多少、论薄厚,为之政。故罚薄不为慈,诛严不为戾,称俗而行也。故事因于世,而备适于事。(《韩非子·五蠹》)

... the sage,considering quantity and deliberating upon scarcity and abundance,governs accordingly. So it is no charity to inflict light punishments nor is it any cruelty to enforce severe penalties:the practice is simply in accordance with the custom of the age. Thus,circumstances change with the age and measures change according to circumstances.(Han Fei Zi,Chapter 49,trans. Liao 1939,vol. 2:278)

这段文字把韩非思想其中一点说得再清楚也没有了:治国问题必须用可以计算的、理性的进路来解决。有些人捍卫习俗与传统,以为有一种万世适用的进路应对社会-政治危机。韩非拒绝这种顽固不化的思路。他警告说,这样做不啻于守株待兔:

宋人有耕者,田中有株,兔走触株,折颈而死;因释其耒而守株,冀复得兔,兔不可复得,而身为宋国笑。(《韩非子·五蠹》)

There was in Sung a man,who tilled a field in which there stood the trunk of a tree. Once a hare,while running fast,rushed against the trunk,broke its neck,and died. Thereupon the man cast his plough aside and watched that tree,hoping that he would get another hare. Yet he never caught another hare and was himself ridiculed by the people of Sung.(Han Fei Zi,Chapter 49,trans. Liao 1939,vol. 2:276)

已经发生变化的新形势要求新的政治基础。《韩非子·难势》议论慎到思想,对政治权威的本质讲得最清楚。前面提到,慎到主张以势为政治基础建立君主的权威。韩非把君主的权威比作君主居于其上的云。云就是起支撑作用的势。即便君主是能力有限的“蚓”,也能够“乘云”。韩非没有怀疑势的重要性。不过他进而澄清,势只有建立在法的基础上才足够牢靠:慎到愚蠢地认为,势能够自我保护。势的担保在于政治体系而非神采。商鞅与韩非已经注意到,神采作为政治手段是无效的。他们以强硬立场回应了孔子的主张。孔子强调,为政靠典范人格。孔子相信,实现共同的善需要培育民众的德性:“君子之德风,小人之德草。草上之风必偃。”【The excellence of the exemplary person is the wind,while that of the petty person is the grass. As the wind blows,the grass is sure to bend.(Analects 12:19,trans. Ames and Rosemont Jr 1998a:158)】(《论语·颜渊》第十九章)


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