正文

JOHN KEATS 约翰·济慈 (1795—1821)

英国诗歌选集(珍藏版)(下册) 作者:王佐良,金立群 选编


JOHN KEATS
约翰·济慈
(1795—1821)

【作者与作品简介】

诗人济慈只活了二十六岁,就因肺病而早逝。他出身中下层人家,学过医,候诊室里的凄惨景象是他熟悉的。也许是作为一种补偿,他特别地向往“美”——美丽的人,夜莺,花草,田园,古诗,艺术品,整个想象世界。他自己写下的诗行也美:意境,音韵,形象,无一不美——有时美得有点艳丽了。因此,他曾被人看成是“唯美”,甚至是“颓废”。

其实他两者都不是。他追求的“美”不是表面的东西,也不只是官感享受,而是有深刻的含义的,用他自己的话说:


  美即是真,真即是美。


而所谓真,又是人的“想象力所捕捉住的美”。然而当时的英国正处于产业革命和法国革命的双重激荡之下,处处有人间苦难。济慈对此也是有深刻感受的,而且还认为人生的最高境界必须有世界的苦难感:


  谁也夺取不了这个高峰,

  除了那些把世界的苦难

  当作苦难,而且日夜不安的人。

      ——《海披里安之亡》


正是这种“日夜不安”的苦难感使得济慈最明丽的诗行也有阴影,最甜美的音乐里也有不吉祥的敲击声——一边是夜莺唱歌,一边是“饥饿的世代”践踏大地的脚步声。他是一个头脑清醒,有强烈是非感的人,任何人只须一看他写给弟妹和朋友们的信就知道他是一个民主派。他的艺术观——他的美学——也是重真情实感,认为诗人要有一种深入万物、了解万物的“反面接受力”,不是自以为是,而是像事物本身的性质那样,“能够停留在不肯定、神秘感、怀疑之中,而不是令人生厌地追求事实和道理。”换言之,要化入事物:


  如果一只麻雀来到我的窗前,我就参与它的存在,同它一起啄着地上的砂石。


他又说:


  如果诗不是像叶子长到树上那样自然地来临,那就干脆别来了。


把诗看成像树那样能自行生长的植物,这是浪漫主义诗学的重要论点之一。而要使那样的诗能够出现,诗人必须运用想象力。他认为即使哲学的真理也不是单凭逻辑推论所能达到,而必须依靠想象力;有了想象力,人才能真正得到世上的快乐,而且是一种“格调更高”的快乐,非庸俗的享受可比。

这些话并非引自他的论著——他从未写过皇皇大文——而出于他的书信,总是一二句普通的话,一二个普通的比喻,然而生动,深刻,使人惊讶,道出了浪漫主义诗歌的中心秘密,所以近年来西方搞文学理论的人都纷纷在他的书信里进行发掘,而“反面接受力”一词已经成了文学家们经常琢磨的题目了。

济慈之所以能说这些话,是因为他有写诗的经验。他把自己一生献给了诗歌艺术,全力以赴,甘苦自知,经历过试验,失败,达到了抒情诗的高峰,但不以为足,还要向更高的意境进发,却不料死亡突然夺走了他的诗笔。虽然如此,他在1819年夏天创作能力特别旺盛,四五个星期之中写出了除《秋颂》之外的全部颂歌:《心灵颂》、《夜莺颂》、《希腊古瓮颂》、《忧郁颂》、《懒颂》。现在人们公认,济慈即使没写任何别的作品,这几个颂歌就足以使他不朽了。

我们这里选了三个颂歌。

《夜莺颂》有一个中心的矛盾,即夜莺所代表的想象世界和诗人所处的现实世界的矛盾:前者处处是音乐、美酒、朦胧光影下的宁静;后者充满纷扰、病痛、焦灼不安。诗人听到夜莺的歌声,随着进入了想象世界,然而在最神往的时候,一声“凄凉”就把他赶回现实世界,这时候韵律直泻而下,最后以一问结束,留下了余音。在几个颂歌中,此颂最实,“世界的苦难”也最显。

《希腊古瓮颂》从一个古瓮上彩绘的画面出发,探索艺术的不朽。主要的画面有三:一景是群众狂欢,二景是青年男子追逐一位姑娘,三景是一群人牵着一匹牛在街道上走,准备去宰牛祭天。这些人都在动,然而他们的动态却被雕刻家的手捕捉住了,凝固成为静止的艺术品,从此而不朽。诗人面对这样的艺术品,一方面惊叹古希腊文明的伟大,一方面思索着艺术和智慧的关系。夜莺歌来自自然世界,这里却是人的创造。这当中有灵感,但也有智慧。诗人的探索也进入一个更高的境界。人世的苦难还略有反响——“老年将使这一代朽化”,“与我们不同的苦难”——但主要的情调是高度的宁静。这也就带来了语言上的变化。夜莺歌里多的是情感性和描述性的形容词,是感叹式的调子,而这里则增加了一个新的成分:思辨式或命题式的陈述,其最显著的例子也就是末节的名言:


  “美即是真,真即是美,”这就包括

  你们所知道、和该知道的一切。


《秋颂》被不少评论者认为是几首颂歌里最完美的一首,它的主题是秋季的温暖和丰硕。人皆颂春天的美丽,而济慈则感到秋天的成熟更可爱。1819年9月一个星期天,诗人漫游乡野,感到空气清爽,收割过的田地显得特别温暖,边走边吟,回来就写成此诗。

诗的第一节用一系列的水果的形象,点出秋天是丰收的季节。第二节写人在秋天劳动、休息、榨果酿酒的快乐。第三节写秋天的各种声音,诗的音乐美发挥无遗。这样,从秋景、秋收,写到秋声,诗本身也像秋天一样丰满了。

最后一个选目《伊莎贝拉》是一首叙事诗。它的情节取自卜伽丘的《十日谈》(第四日第五篇),是说两个哥哥谋杀了他们妹妹的情人的故事。这首诗表现了济慈叙事的能力,写青年男女的爱情向往颇富于感染力,而对于破坏他们幸福的两个哥哥的谴责又很有思想的深度。原来这两人都是商人,其财富是从殖民地人民掠夺来的。诗中有这样的描述,并非卜伽丘的原作所有,完全是济慈自己加的:


  锡兰的潜水者为他们屏住呼吸,

   赤裸着全身走近饥饿的鳄鱼;

  他的耳朵为他们涌着血;为他们,

   海豹死在冰层上,全身悲惨地

  射满了箭;成千的人只为了他们

   而煎熬在幽暗无边的困苦里:

  他们悠游着岁月,自己还不甚清楚:

  他们是在开动绞盘,把人们剥皮割骨。


然后诗人问了好几个“他们何必骄傲?”其中有一问是:


  他们何必骄傲?可是因为有红格账本

  比希腊时代的诗歌更动听?


只有济慈这样一个敏感又深思的诗人才会用这样鲜明的形象——红格账本和古希腊诗歌——来加以对照,说明两种思想、两种意境的截然不同。他把那对商人兄弟称为“算账的人们”。二十世纪的萧伯纳谈到这首诗,认为在这里济慈实际上是在点明这些商人是剥削者,他虽没有用一个政治经济学的名词,所讲的实际上就是《资本论》的道理。萧的话可能夸张了,但这也说明济慈诗里思想的丰富与深刻是超出了历来评论家所意识到的。


王佐良


SONNETS

On First Looking into Chapman's Homer


Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold,1

 And many goodly states and kingdoms2 seen;

 Round many western islands have I been

Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.3

Oft of one wide expanse4 had I been told

 That deep-brow'd Homer ruled as his demesne;5

 Yet did I never breathe its pure serene6

Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold:

Then felt I like some watcher of the skies7

 When a new planet swims into his ken;8

Or like stout Cortéz when with eagle eyes9

 He star'd at the Pacific — and all his men

Look'd at each other with a wild surmise10

 Silent,upon a peak in Darien.11


【题解】

Chapman's Homer:荷马史诗的查普曼译本。George Chapman(1559?—1634):乔治·查普曼,英国伊丽莎白时代的诗人兼剧作家,其译荷马诗作雄瑰壮丽。1816年某一夏日,济慈以前的老师查尔斯·考顿·克拉克(Charles Cowden Clarke)请他来同读查普曼翻译的荷马诗作。他俩秉烛夜读,通宵不眠,拂晓时济慈才踏上晨雾回家。但犹余兴未尽,遂成一诗,当天早上10时,济慈即把此诗寄到克拉克手里。


【注释】

1.Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold:济慈自喻为探险家,探索过充满黄金的宝地;the realms of gold:意为珍贵如黄金的文学领域。

2.goodly states and kingdoms:仍指伟大的文学作品;goodly:beautiful.

3.Round many western islands have I been ... hold:“到过许多西方的岛屿”指济慈曾涉猎过许多希腊文学作品。古希腊的许多岛屿以及岛上的诗人都向诗神阿波罗效忠,漫游希腊群岛意即领略希腊文学;bards:诗人;in fealty:(臣仆对封建主的)效忠。

4.Oft:often;one wide expanse:广袤的领域。

5.deep-brow'd Homer ruled as his demesne:浓眉的荷马作为他的领地统治着;demesne[dɪ′meɪn]:(领主的)领地。

6.never breathe its pure serene:从未呼吸到这个领域里的沉静的空气;pure serene:喻荷马的诗风纯真深沉;serene:此处为名词,serenity。

7.watcher of the skies:观星家,天文家。

8.ken:range of sight or knowledge,知识的范围或视野。

9.Cortéz:即Hernando Cortés(1485—1547),科尔特斯,西班牙探险家,墨西哥的发现者。济慈误记,实际上第一个发现太平洋的西方人是另一位西班牙人:Vasco Nuñez de Balboa(1475—1517),巴尔沃亚,他在达连湾(Darien)的山上第一次看到太平洋;eagle eyes:原稿为wond'ring eyes;据济慈朋友雷·亨特(Leigh Hunt)在回忆录中说,济慈曾见过意大利文艺复兴时著名画家提香(Titian,1477—1576)绘的科尔特斯肖像,他的双眼似鹰目。

10.a wild surmise:纵情恣意的猜测。

11.Darien:加勒比海的达连湾,在巴拿马和哥伦比亚之间。


On Sitting Down to ReadKing LearOnce Again


O golden-tongued Romance with serene lute!1

 Fair plumèd Syren!2 Queen of far away!

 Leave melodizing on this wintry day,3

Shut up thine olden pages,4 and be mute:

Adieu!5 for once again the fierce dispute,

 Betwixt damnation and impassioned clay6

 Must I burn through;7 once more humbly assay8

The bitter-sweet9 of this Shakespearian fruit.

Chief Poet!10 and ye clouds of Albion,11

 Begetters of our deep eternal theme!12

When through the old oak forest13 I am gone,

 Let me not wander in a barren dream:

 But,when I am consumed in the fire,

Give me new phoenix14 wings to fly at my desire.


【题解】

此诗作于1819年,表达的情感非常复杂。当时,济慈正在创作长诗《恩底弥翁》(Endymion:A Poetic Romance ),但是,预感自己生命短暂,情绪忧郁。这时,他重读莎士比亚的悲剧《李尔王》,受到强烈的震撼,不免要向浪漫派文学乃至自己的人生道出告别的心声。事实上,此时他一生的创作尚未过半,大部分优秀的作品蓄势待发。《李尔王》一剧之所以对济慈有猛烈的冲击力,是因为在莎士比亚的所有悲剧人物中,唯有李尔王的遭遇和最终的死亡,是一个缓慢的、可以预见的因而也是最纠结人心的过程。这也使济慈对人生悲剧作更多的思索。他在致 John Hamilton Renolds 信中说,《李尔王》剧中的一句话(4.6.4) “Do you not hear the sea? ” 缠绕在他的心头,挥之不去。


【注释】

1.golden-tongued Romance with serene lute:声调优美迷人的传奇故事; golden:mellow,resonant; lute:竖琴,浪漫派抒情诗歌的象征。按:Romance 是指所谓浪漫派文学或传奇文学作品,如表现中世纪骑士的冒险或爱情故事,其主题和风格与莎士比亚的悲剧相去甚远。

2.Fair plumèd Syren:浪漫派文学又被喻为斯宾塞诗中的女主角; Syren:一作Siren,希腊神话中的海妖,善于以美妙的歌声吸引过往的水手,使他们不顾一切地将船驶近她们而触礁沉没。此处表示济慈感到浪漫派文学对他有很大的诱惑力,像海妖的歌声一样。

3.Leave melodizing on this wintry day:不要吟唱旋律优美、声音悦耳的浪漫派诗歌,这和寒冷的冬天很不相称。换言之,冬天更像是李尔王所处的环境。

4.thine olden pages:your old pages; thine:thy,在元音字母开头的字前面用thine; olden:of or relating to a bygone era.

5.Adieu:farewell,often used interjectionally; 济慈表示要告别浪漫派文学,恰恰表明英国历史上这种文学对他的巨大诱惑力,同时也透露出他预感自己将不久于人世,无法创作浪漫主义诗作的心情。

6.the fierce dispute ... clay:指李尔王把国土分给两个花言巧语、背信弃义的女儿,结果自己遭到羞辱,陷入贫无立锥之地的困境,直至被逼疯。李尔王的遭遇无异于地狱的惩罚(damnation),冲击着他那情绪激动的“泥土之身” (impassioned clay); clay:按《圣经》说法,人是上帝用泥土做的。

7.burn through:谓读李尔王的悲剧,自己的情绪也很难平静,为第13行consumed in fire作铺垫。

8.assay:test,make trial of,尝试,原意为测试金属的纯度。

9.bitter-sweet:莎士比亚的悲剧表现人生的悲苦,又有巨大的艺术感染力,故云。

10.Chief Poet:指莎士比亚。

11.Albion:Celtic )英格兰;《李尔王》的背景是凯尔特时代。

12.Begetters of our deep eternal theme:英国是深刻的永恒主题的创造者; eternal theme:指发生在这块土地上的悲欢离合和死亡的主题。

13.the old oak forest:指李尔王或《恩底弥翁》(Endymion )长诗中主人公归宿的世界。

14.phoenix:传说中的凤凰,周而复始地烧死自身,以便从灰烬中再生。


When I Have Fears


When I have fears that I may cease to be1

 Before my pen has glean'd my teeming brain,2

Before high-piled books,in charactery,3

 Hold like rich garners the full ripen'd grain;4

When I behold,upon the night's starr'd face,5

 Huge cloudy symbols of a high romance,6

And think that I may never live to trace

 Their shadows,with the magic hand of chance;7

And when I feel,fair creature of an hour,8

 That I shall never look upon thee9 more,

Never have relish in the faery power10

 Of unreflecting love;11— then on the shore

Of the wide world I stand alone,and think

Till love and fame to nothingness do sink.12


【注释】

1.cease to be:不复存在,即死亡。

2.Before my pen has glean'd my teeming brain:在我把蕴藏在丰富的脑海中的诗歌笔录下来之前;teeming brain:丰富的脑海,喻诗才。

3.in charactery:用文字表示。

4.garners:谷仓;the full ripen'd grain:成熟饱满的谷物,喻自己成熟的作品。

5.the night's starr'd face:星罗棋布的夜空。

6.Huge cloudy symbols of a high romance:崇高的浪漫诗篇那巨大的隐约可见的象征。

7.trace ... chance:如绘画那样用神来之笔(the magic hand of chance)描摹出“巨大的隐约可见的象征”;正因为是symbol,所以非magic hand of chance而不能为。

8.fair creature of an hour:诗人热恋的范尼·布朗(Fanny Brawne)。诗人在1818年陪伴患肺病的弟弟汤姆,直至他在年底去世。诗人本人亦患肺病,担心不能久驻人间,来不及完成杰出的诗作,再也看不见心爱的范尼。并由此想到美貌也不能长久(of an hour)。

9.thee:you,thou的宾格。

10.the faery power:(爱情的)神奇魅力。

11.unreflecting love:无思无虑的爱情。

12.Till love and fame to nothingness do sink:济慈担心爱情泯灭,诗名不立。1820年,济慈吐血后,写信给范尼·布朗:“If I should die,” said I to myself,“I have left no immortal work behind me — nothing to make my friends proud of my memory — but I have lov'd the principie of beauty in all things,and if I had had time I would have made myself remembered,” Thoughts like these came very feebly when I was in health and every pulse beat for you — now you divide with this (may I say it?)“last infirmity of noble minds” all my reflection.


Bright Star


Bright star,would I were stedfast as thou art1

 Not in lone splendour hung aloft the night2

And watching,with eternal lids apart,3

 Like nature's patient,sleepless Eremite,4

The moving waters at their priestlike task

 Of pure ablution round earth's human shores,5

Or gazing on the new soft-fallen mask

 Of snow upon the mountains and the moors —

No — yet still6 stedfast,still unchangeable,

 Pillow'd upon my fair love's ripening breast,

To feel for ever its soft fall and swell,

 Awake for ever in a sweet unrest,7

Still,still to hear her tender-taken breath,8

And so live ever — or else swoon to death.


【题解】

济慈在1818年游览了大湖区(Lake Country)的自然风光,后写信给其弟弟Tom说,大湖区质朴的景色“净化了人的视觉,使之像北极星那样永远睁开眼睛,凝视着至高无上的威力所创造的奇迹”(refines one's sensual vision into a sort of north star which can never cease to be open lidded and steadfast over the wonders of the great power)。本诗即因此感而发,初稿写于1819年,并在1820年九月去意大利的途中抄写于莎士比亚诗集的空白页上。后不久在意大利病逝。后人因此疑为诗人的绝笔十四行诗。


【注释】

1.Bright star:指北极星,故以下说但愿自己像北极星那样稳定不变:“would I were stedfast as thou art”;stedfast:steadfast;thou art:you are.

2.Not in lone splendour hung aloft the night:不是孤独地在夜光中高悬。

3.with eternal lids apart:永不合上的眼睑。

4.Eremite:hermit,隐修士。北极星像是大自然的苦行夜祷的修士。

5.The moving waters at their priestlike task ... shores:海水冲刷着人类的海岸,就像宗教上的沐浴仪式那样荡涤人间的污秽;waters:(plural )浩瀚的海水;ablution:沐浴仪式。

6.No:和第2行“Not”呼应。诗人并非不愿具有第2—8行中的描写的北极星的美德,而是心中另有寄托,即是后六行中的意境。still:always.

7.a sweet unrest:永远清醒地躺在美人的胸膛上,既甜蜜,又不安;unrest:心情不平静。

8.tender-taken breath:轻柔的呼吸。


Ode to a Nightingale


1

My heart aches,and a drowsy numbness1 pains

 My sense,as though of hemlock2 I had drunk,

Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains3

 One minute past,and Lethe-wards4 had sunk:

'Tis5 not through envy of thy happy lot,

 But being too happy in thine happiness,6

 That thou,light wingèd Dryad7 of the trees,

 In some melodious plot8

Of beechen green,and shadows numberless,

 Singest of summer in full-throated ease.9

2

O,for a draught of vintage!10 that hath been

 Cool'd a long age in the deep-delved earth,11

Tasting of Flora and the country green,12

 Dance,and Provençal song,and sunburnt mirth!13

O,for a beaker full of the warm South,14

 Full of the true,the blushful Hippocrene,15

 With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,16

 And purple-stained mouth;17

That I might drink,and leave the world unseen,

 And with thee fade away into the forest dim:18

3

Fade far away,dissolve,and quite forget

 What thou among the leaves hast19 never known,

The weariness,the fever,and the fret20

 Here,where men sit and hear each other groan;

Where palsy21 shakes a few,sad,last grey hairs,

 Where youth grows pale,and spectre-thin,and dies;22

 Where but to think is to be full of sorrow

 And leaden-eyed despairs,23

Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,

 Or new Love pine at them24 beyond tomorrow.

4

Away! away! for I will fly to thee,

 Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,25

But on the viewless26 wings of Poesy,

 Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:

Already with thee!27 tender is the night,

 And haply28 the Queen-Moon is on her throne,

 Cluster'd around by all her starry Fays;29

 But here there is no light,

Save30 what from heaven is with the breezes blown

 Through verdurous glooms31 and winding mossy ways.

5

I cannot see what flowers are at my feet,

 Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs,

But,in embalmèd darkness,guess each sweet32

 Wherewith the seasonable month33 endows

The grass,the thicket,and the fruit-tree wild;

 White hawthorn,and the pastoral eglantine;34

 Fast fading violets cover'd up in leaves;

 And mid-May's eldest child,

The coming musk-rose,full of dewy wine,

 The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.

6

Darkling35 I listen; and,for many a time

 I have been half in love with easeful Death,

Call'd him soft names in many a musèd rhyme,36

 To take into the air my quiet breath;37

Now more than ever seems it rich to die,

 To cease upon the midnight with no pain,

 While thou art pouring forth thy soul38 abroad

 In such an ecstasy!

Still39 wouldst thou sing,and I have ears in vain —

 To thy high requiem become a sod.40

7

Thou wast not born for death,41 immortal Bird!

 No hungry generations tread thee down;42

The voice I hear this passing night was heard

 In ancient days by emperor and clown:43

Perhaps the self-same song that found a path

 Through the sad heart of Ruth,44 when,sick for home,

 She stood in tears amid the alien corn;

 The same that oft-times hath

Charm'd magic casements,opening on the foam

 Of perilous seas,in faery lands forlorn.45

8

Forlorn!46 the very word is like a bell

 To toll me back from thee to my sole self!47

Adieu! the fancy48 cannot cheat so well

 As she is famed to do,deceiving elf.49

Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fades

 Past the near meadows,over the still stream,

 Up the hill-side;and now 'tis buried deep

 In the next valley-glades:

Was it a vision,or a waking dream?

 Fled is that music:— Do I wake or sleep?


【题解】

此诗作于1819年,乃是济慈创作的巅峰时期。据他的朋友查尔斯·阿米迪奇·布朗(Charles Armitage Brown)说,一只夜莺在他家附近的树上做了个窝,有一天济慈坐在一棵李子树下,写了这首诗歌。《夜莺颂》的情调说明他脱离了前期诗歌中的乐观情绪和对愉悦的憧憬,转向探索诸如自然、瞬息、死亡等主题。夜莺生活在林间,远离人世忧患,以其世代经久不息的歌声,成为永生的象征。同时,夜莺又有希腊神话色彩(见本书马修·安诺德(Matthew Arnold)诗Philomela 和艾略特诗Sweeney Among the Nightingales 的有关注释),其歌声一向被视为带有忧郁的情调。人生极其短暂,悲伤充斥其间。济慈当时正值弟弟汤姆去世不久,自己病魔缠身,又有对范尼·布朗热恋的困扰,遂因夜莺之歌而一气呵成,写下这首颂诗,寄托一腔愁意。其情调颇似李商隐《流莺》诗句“巧转岂能本无意,良辰未必有佳期。”


【注释】

1.drowsy numbness:似困倦般的麻木。

2.hemlock:一种毒药,服后全身麻木而死。古代雅典人用这种毒药处死犯人。苏格拉底(Socrates)即服此毒药而死。

3.opiate:加有鸦片的麻醉剂,饮后使人麻木,故称dull opiate;to the drains:to the dregs,饮尽。

4.Lethe-wards:希腊神话中Lethe[′liːθiː]是冥间的一条河流,死人的鬼魂喝了河中之水便忘却过去的一切。

5.'Tis:it is.

6.thine happiness:your happiness;因happiness以“h”起首,故不用thy而用thine。

7.That:in the thought that;Dryad:希腊神话中的木仙(Woodnymph),此处指夜莺。

8.melodious plot:夜莺发出优美歌声的地方。

9.Singest:即sing,和主语thou配合的动词形式;in full-throated ease:放开歌喉纵情歌唱;ease:表示唱得轻松自如,从容不迫。

10.O,for a draught of vintage:呵,要是能喝上一口美酒! vintage:酒,尤指某年产的佳酿酒,美酒,即vintage wine。

11.deep-delved earth:地窖。

12.Tasting of:(美酒)意即尝之令人想起……,散发着……香味;Flora:罗马神话中的春和花神;country green:绿色的田野。

13.Provençal song:法国南部地中海边的普罗旺斯(Provence)是中古时期一批行吟诗人(troubadours)的故乡,这些诗歌的创作者和歌手以爱情诗歌著称于世;sunburnt mirth:阳光明媚的南国的欢怡,生活在阳光地带的人们心情开朗、欢快。

14.beaker:a large drinking-bowl or cup,大酒杯;the warm South:温暖的南国美酒。

15.blushful:面红;Hippocrene]:希腊神话中赫利孔山(Mount Helicon)上的缪斯(the Muses)的灵泉,传说是由神马佩伽索斯的蹄踩出来的,泉水能给诗人以灵感。

16.beaded bubbles winking at the brim:酒杯边上珠子般的酒泡在闪闪发光。

17.mouth:the lip of the beaker,大酒杯的边沿。

18.with thee fade away into the forest dim:诗人希望借酒的力量和夜莺一起遁入密林。

19.thou ... hast:you have.

20.The weariness,the fever,and the fret:人世间的疲惫、热病和焦躁;泛指种种痛苦和烦恼。

21.palsy:瘫痪,麻痹。

22.Where youth grows pale,and spectre-thin,and dies:济慈的弟弟汤姆不久前死于肺病,他本人亦患肺病,故弟弟之死对他触动很深,由此联想到前几行讲的人世的不幸。

23.leaden-eyed despairs:目光呆滞的绝望神色。

24.new Love:初恋的爱人;them:eyes.

25.Bacchus and his pards:希腊神话中的酒神狄俄倪索斯(Dionysus),在罗马神话中称为巴科斯(Bacchus),经常坐着狮子(Pards)拉的车子。此处意为不想借神的威力来逃避人间的烦恼。

26.viewless:invisible,看不见的。

27.Already with thee:表明诗人借诗的力量终于达到了夜莺的欢乐境界。

28.haply:perhaps.

29.Cluster'd around:(群星)簇拥着(月后);starry Fays:众星;Fays:fairies.

30.Save:except.

31.verdurous glooms:月光下隐隐约约的绿阴。

32.each sweet:每种香味,每种花。

33.the seasonable month:当前的月份。

34.eglantine:多花蔷薇。

35.Darkling:in the darkness,副词。

36.musèd rhyme:long thought-on verse,深思熟虑吟出的诗句。

37.To take into the air my quiet breath:把我的生命撒入空中。

38.pouring forth thy soul:倾吐心声。

39.Still:always.

40.requiem:安魂曲;sod:坟土和草。

41.Thou wast not born for death:你是生而不死之鸟;Thou wast:you were.

42.No hungry generations tread thee down:夜莺世代相传,不会因为饥饿使其歌声泯灭。

43.by emperor and clown:帝王和小丑,即无论贵贱都能听到夜莺的歌声。

44.Ruth:据《旧约·路得记》(Ruth )记载,摩押(Moab)女子路德嫁给一个以色列人,丈夫死后,离开家乡和婆婆一起生活,曾在亲戚波阿斯(Boaz)的田里拾麦穗,后嫁给波阿斯,成为大卫王的曾祖母。

45.The same that oft-times hath ... forlorn:这三行被批评家公认为代表济慈浪漫主义思想的名句。在欧洲中世纪的传奇文学里,常有大海中孤岛上的城堡,里边囚着美丽的公主,因受魔法控制而不得脱身。勇敢的骑士来到城堡,解除魔法,便能赢得公主的爱情。诗人指类似这种城堡中被囚的公主听到夜莺的歌声,而被吸引住,打开窗户倾听;Charm'd magic casements:意为吸引住站在受魔法控制的城堡的窗边的人。

46.Forlorn:此词的声音犹如钟声,所以说the very word is like a bell。

47.my sole self:我孤身一人。

48.the fancy:奇异的想法。

49.deceiving elf:指the fancy。


Ode on a Grecian Urn


Thou still unravished bride of quietness,

 Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,1

Sylvan historian,2 who canst thus express

 A flowery tale more sweetly than our rime:

What leaf-fringed legend haunts3 about thy shape

 Of deities or mortals,or of both,

  In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?4

What men or gods are these? What maidens loath?

 What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?

  What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?


Heard melodies are sweet,but those unheard

 Are sweeter;5 therefore,ye soft pipes,play on;

Not to the sensual ear,but,more endeared,

 Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone:

Fair youth,beneath the trees,thou canst not leave

 Thy song,nor ever can those trees be bare;

  Bold Lover,never,never canst thou kiss,

Though winning near the goal6 — yet,do not grieve;

 She cannot fade,though thou hast not thy bliss,7

  For ever wilt thou love,and she be fair!


Ah,happy,happy boughs! that cannot shed

 Your leaves,nor ever bid the Spring adieu;

And,happy melodist,unwearied,

 For ever piping songs for ever new;

More happy love! more happy,happy love!

 For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd,

  For ever panting8 and for ever young;

All breathing human passion far above,

 That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd,

  A burning forehead,and a parching tongue.9


Who are these coming to the sacrifice?

 To what green altar,O mysterious priest,

Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies,

 And all her silken flanks10 with garlands drest?

What little town by river or sea-shore,

 Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel,

  Is emptied of its folk,this pious morn?

And,little town,thy streets for evermore

 Will silent be; and not a soul to tell

  Why thou art desolate can e'er return.11


O Attic shape! Fair attitude! with brede12

 Of marble men and maidens overwrought,13

With forest branches and the trodden weed;

 Thou,silent form,dost tease us out of thought

As doth eternity:Cold Pastoral!

 When old age shall this generation waste,14

  Thou shalt remain,in midst of other woe

Than ours,15 a friend to man,to whom thou say'st,

 “Beauty is truth,truth beauty!”16 — that is all

  Ye know on earth,and all ye need to know.


【题解】

此诗作于 1819年5月。济慈向来倾心于古希腊的艺术,并有相当的了解,但是,读了英国艺术家和作家本杰明·海顿(Benjamin Haydon)的两篇文章之后,对古希腊的艺术精华和璀璨的文明,有了更深的体会。《希腊古瓮颂》从一只古瓮表面上每一幅画面所展示的情景,挖掘创作者的意图和内涵。此诗具体描述了两个场景:一是一位青年热烈追求一位姑娘,爱情近在咫尺而终不可得; 二是一群村民虔诚地牵着一头牛去祭祀。希腊古瓮将人生的两大追求,即爱情和信仰,以极其完美的艺术形式固定下来,永不消逝。《希腊古瓮颂》表现的是一种永恒——理想的追求和现实的缺憾之间这道鸿沟的永恒性,但恰恰是理想不能成真,信仰难有回应的缺憾,使这种追求的永恒性更为可贵。末节中的名句 “美即真理,真理即美” 紧扣了中心意旨,而并不像有些评论家说的那样偏离了主题。


【注释】

1.Thou still unravished bride of quietness ... time:这两行比喻这一只希腊古瓮历史悠久。在静默中度过了数千年而未遭破坏(unravished)。因为制作者早已死亡,所以这古瓮成了寂静和时间的继儿。关于对still一词的理解,历来聚讼,有的人作as yet解,亦有人认为指motionless。

2.Sylvan historian:林野的史家;喻古瓮描绘发生在林野的历史事件。以下描绘古瓮上各个浮雕表现的情景:祭祀酒神狄俄倪索斯的狂喜式的游行(Dionysian ecstasies),一对恋人在追逐,春天的绿阴下牧羊人吹起笛子,以及村民的虔诚祭祀仪式。

3.leaf-fringed legend:“绿叶为缘的传说”表示故事发生在林野。haunts:表示这个故事犹如梦魂萦绕,经久不息。诗人以不同的方式刻画出古瓮上的画面抓住了人间瞬间即逝的良辰美景,暗示这一切在人间不能久驻。

4.Tempe:敦陂,古希腊西沙里的山谷,以景色秀丽著称;Arcady:阿卡狄山谷,古希腊的一个地区,常被描绘为田园式的乐园。

5.Heard melodies are sweet but those unheard ... sweeter:济慈的名句。牧羊人的笛曲虽然无法听见,但这并不是吹奏给感官的耳朵(the sensual ear)听的,而是要心领神会(to the spirit),因而这种乐曲也更美。比较白居易《琵琶行》“此时无声胜有声。”

6.Though winning near the goal:虽然你已经和爱人挨得很近了。

7.thou hast not thy bliss:你不能如愿以偿。

8.panting:(恋爱时因激动而)心跳气喘。

9.All breathing human passion far above ... tongue:这三行形容这一切都是超乎人间的情态,不会使心灵餍足和悲伤,亦不会有炽热的头脑,唇焦口燥。

10.silken flanks:小牛的身腰光滑如丝绸。

11.not a soul to tell ... return:此句正常结构应为not a soul can e'er return to tell why thou art desolate,小镇上的人都出去祭祀了,不可能有人回来告诉你为何全镇人一起出动。

12.Attic:古希腊城邦雅典式的,希腊的;brede:braid,an interwoven pattern,交织在一起的画面。

13.overwrought:ornamented all over.

14.When old age shall this generation waste:等到这一代终其灭绝。

15.in midst of other woe ... ours:意为到下一代又会有我们这一代所不知的悲哀。注意:全诗仅此一句吐露出济慈无限感慨人间不可能有艺术世界中的快感和幸福。

16.“Beauty is truth,truth beauty!”:“美即真理,真理即美”,济慈的名句。这一句的引子首见于济慈于1820年的版本;但在同年出版的Annals of the Fine Arts 中或在其朋友的四份手抄稿中均未见引号。这一引号使批评家对最后几行的解释,产生了分歧:是否引语系古瓮所言,而以下是济慈或假托的诗人所言?最后一行的ye是指诗人?读者?古瓮?或是古瓮上的人物?“all ye know”是指“美即真理,真理即美”,还是应包括46—48行,等等。所有这些疑问都难定论,但是这也使济慈的这首诗余味无穷而百读不厌。


Ode on Melancholy


NO,no,go not to Lethe,1 neither twist

 Wolf's-bane,2 tight-rooted,for its poisonous wine;

Nor suffer3 thy pale forehead to be kissed

 By nightshade,4 ruby grape of Proserpine;5

Make not your rosary of yew-berries,6

 Nor let the beetle,nor the death-moth be

  Your mournful Psyche,7 nor the downy owl8

A partner in your sorrow's mysteries;9

For shade to shade will come too drowsily,10

 And drown the wakeful anguish of the soul.11


But when the melancholy fit shall fall

 Sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud,

That fosters the droop-headed flowers all,12

 And hides the green hill in an April shroud;13

Then glut thy sorrow on a morning rose,14

 Or on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave,

  Or on the wealth of globed peonies;15

Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows,16

 Emprison her soft hand,and let her rave,17

  And feed deep,deep upon her peerless eyes.18


She dwells with Beauty19 — Beauty that must die;

 And Joy,whose hand is ever at his lips

Bidding adieu;20 and aching Pleasure nigh,

 Turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips:

Ay,in the very temple of Delight

 Veiled Melancholy has her sovran21 shrine,

  Though seen of none save22 him whose strenuous tongue

 Can burst Joy's grape against his palate fine;23

His soul shalt24 taste the sadness of her might,

  And be among her cloudy trophies hung.25


【题解】

这首诗习惯上译为《忧郁颂》,可能作《忧郁感怀》更为确切。所谓Ode,按英语原意是 a poem intended to be sung; an elaborate lyric,often of some length,generally addressed to somebody or something (The Chambers Dictionary ),亦即就某一题材写的吟唱的诗歌,并无“颂” 的意思。这是济慈创作的所有Ode中最短的一首诗,也是唯一没有用第一人称表达的。这首诗或多或少地综合了之前创作的其他所谓 “颂诗” 的一些语言和思想,探索了忧郁和愉悦的关系,揭示了忧存于乐,乐寓于忧的实质。应对忧郁是人生中更具挑战性的难题,诗中所反映的情感,显然不同于《希腊古瓮颂》中洋溢的美学欣赏情操,亦有别于《懒惰感怀》(Ode on Indolence ) 和《夜莺颂》中渲染的昏沉、惰性、烦恼和麻木。


【注释】

1.Lethe:冥界的忘川,人死后饮其水即忘却过去。按:第一节诗人讲忧郁者不应该去做或祈求的各种事情。以下所提到的各种植物和动物都象征死亡或悲伤。

2.Wolf's-bane:也拼写为wolfsbane,any of several monkshoods,乌头属植物,尤指狼毒乌头,有毒。此句意为不要去挤压 (twist ) 狼毒乌头取其毒液 (poisonous wine)。

3.suffer:allow.

4.nightshade:包括龙葵、颠茄、天仙子等的茄属植物,有毒。所结之果为红色浆果 (berry),故称ruby grape。

5.Proserpine:普洛塞尔皮娜,冥王普罗托之妻。她原是宙斯和大地母亲 (Ceres) 所生之女,被普罗托劫持到冥界当冥界王后。大地母亲向宙斯哭诉,但是,宙斯的权力不涉冥界,后经与普罗托协商,普洛塞尔皮娜半年在地下,其母悲,则为秋和冬,半年回到地上,其母喜,则为春和夏。

6.rosary of yew-berries:紫衫浆果的念珠,死亡的象征。

7.Nor let the beetle,nor the death-moth be ... Psyche:欧洲古代传说中,灵魂 (Psyche) 的象征是死人口中飞出来的蝴蝶或飞蛾; beetle:古代人在墓里放上大的黑甲虫的复制品,象征再生。

8.downy owl:绒羽柔软度猫头鹰。

9.A partner in your sorrow's mysteries:在你悲伤的仪式中,猫头鹰是个合伙者。按:“忧郁” 被视为女神,对她的供奉要有一定的仪礼 (mysteries); mysteries:secret religious rites,秘密的宗教仪式。

10.shade to shade will come too drowsily:从阴影走向阴影使人昏昏欲睡;shade:一语双关,兼有shadow 和spirit,ghost之义; drowsily:heavily and sleepily.

11.drown the wakeful anguish of the soul:使灵魂本来十分警觉的苦恼沉沉睡去。按:第一节最后两行说明为什么不应忘却忧郁,或沉溺于忧郁之中,而是应该始终保持对忧郁的痛感。

12.fosters the droop-headed flowers all:雨水滋养花草,使花朵沉甸甸的。  

13.hides the green hill in an April shroud:四月份的阴霾如裹尸布,遮盖了绿色的山体; hill:1820年的版本为单数,可能是济慈的疏忽,以后的版本都是复数。但是,单数的hill自有特殊的意境,犹如诗人面前的一座实实在在的山,而不只是想象之中的群山。

14.glut thy sorrow on a morning rose:面对早晨的玫瑰花尽情地吐露或发泄你的悲哀; glut ... on:take one's fill of thinking,gazing,etc.,on something.

15.globed peonies:圆状的牡丹花。

16.if thy mistress some rich anger shows:thy mistress:指忧郁,也可能是某个女人; rich:strong.

17.Emprison her soft hand,and let her rave:握住她的手,让她发泄;rave:to rage,to talk as if mad,发怒,愤怒地宣泄。

18.feed deep,deep upon her peerless eyes:深深地,深深地凝视着她举世无双的眼睛。

19.She dwells with Beauty:她和美丽一起相处;以下Beauty,Joy,Pleasure都和Beauty并列。这些抽象名词的概念等都作拟人化处理。“忧郁”女神的神龛就在愉悦的神庙之中(“the very temple of Delight”,第25行)。

20.Joy,whose hand is ever at his lips ... adieu:欢乐总是要和人告别,让人沉默,不要出声。

21.sovran:sovereign.

22.seen of none save:seen by none except.

23.palate fine:十分敏感的味觉。

24.shalt:shall.

25.be among her cloudy trophies hung:古代希腊和罗马的习俗,把战利品挂在神庙里。


To Autumn


1

Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,

 Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;1

Conspiring with him2 how to load and bless

 With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;

To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees,

 And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;3

 To swell the gourd,and plump the hazel shells

 With a sweet kernel;4 to set budding more,

And still more,later flowers for the bees,

Until they think warm days will never cease,

 For Summer has o'er-brimm'd5 their clammy cells.

2

Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?6

 Sometimes whoever seeks abroad7 may find

Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,

 Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;8

Or on a half-reap'd furrow sound asleep,

 Drows'd with the fume of poppies,while thy hook9

 Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers:10

And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep

 Steady thy laden head across a brook;

Or by a cyder-press,11 with patient look,

 Thou watchest the last oozings12 hours by hours.

3

Where are the songs of Spring? Ay,where are they?

 Think not of them,thou hast thy music too,—

While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,13

 And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;

Then in a wailful choir14 the small gnats mourn

 Among the river sallows,15 borne aloft

 Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;

And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;16

 Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble17 soft

 The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;18

And gathering swallows19 twitter in the skies.


【题解】

此诗作于 1819年9月。济慈在9月21日给朋友John Hamilton Reynolds 的信中说:How beautiful the season is now — How fine the air. A Dian skies — I never lik'd stubble fields so much as now — Aye,better than the chilly green of the spring. Somehow a stubble plain looks warm — in the same way that some pictures look warm — this struck me so much in my Sunday's walk that I composed upon it. 《秋颂》把秋天作了很多拟人化的处理,通过一系列的意象浓墨重彩地描绘了秋天有别于春天的特色。这首诗对秋之颂是隐含而非明示的赞美,诗的每一节像移动的镜头,对秋之成熟、壮丽、色彩和音乐作了一番音频和视频的录制。《秋颂》被视为济慈最为完美的一首诗。


【注释】

1.Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun:秋天是成熟的季节,和催熟万物(maturing)的太阳的作用是一样的,故称其为太阳的挚友。

2.Conspiring with him:和太阳共同安排(使果实充实);Conspiring:devising.

3.And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core:使各种水果都成熟到心子里。

4.To swell the gourd,and plump the hazel shells ... kernel:使葫芦腹大(长得鼓鼓的),榛子壳挤满了甜美的榛子仁。

5.o'er-brimm'd:over-brimmed,(夏天)使蜂房的蜜多得溢了出来。

6.Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store:此节诗人描写了秋收季节中劳动者的形象,以各种具体的形象来体现“秋”,虚实结合,想象驰骋,笔落实处。  

7.seeks abroad:goes out of one's home.

8.winnowing wind:簸谷的风;扬场所借之风。

9.Drows'd with the fume of poppies:在罂粟花香味的熏陶下沉沉入睡;Drows'd:made drowsy;hook:镰月。

10.Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers:留着未割下(spares)后面的一行庄稼(swath)和缠绕在上面的野花。

11.cyder-press:榨果架,挤压果汁的架子。

12.oozings:榨出的汁水。

13.barred clouds bloomed the soft-dying day:波状的云朵使傍晚的天空发出一片红光;bloom:lend a glow to.

14.a wailful choir:哀鸣。

15.sallows:willows.

16.hilly bourn:山区。

17.treble:尖音。

18.red-breast:知更鸟;garden-croft:园地。

19.gathering swallews:归巢的燕子。


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