Alexander，Hannibal，Minos and Scipio^注

Alex. Libyan，I claim precedence of you. I am the better man.

Han. Pardon me.

Alex. Then let Minos decide.

Mi. Who are you both？

Alex. This is Hannibal，the Carthaginian：I am Alexander，the son of Philip.

Mi. Bless me，a distinguished pair！ And what is the quarrel about？

Alex. It is a question of precedence. He says he is the better general：and I maintain that neither Hannibal nor （ I might almost add） any of my predecessors was my equal in strategy；all the world knows that.

Mi. Well，you shall each have your say in turn：the Libyan first.

Han. Fortunately for me，Minos，I have mastered Greek since I have been here；so that my adversary will not have even that advantage of me. Now I hold that the highest praise is due to those who have won their way to greatness from obscurity；who have clothed themselves in power，and shown themselves fit for dominion. I myself entered Spain with a handful of men，took service under my brother，and was found worthy of the supreme command. I conquered the Celtiberians， subdued Western Gaul， crossed the Alps，overran the valley of the Po，sacked town after town，made myself master of the plains，approached the bulwarks of the capital，and in one day slew such a host，that their finger⁃rings were measured by bushels， and the rivers were bridged by their bodies. And this I did，though I had never been called a son of Ammon；I never pretended to be a god，never related visions of my mother；I made no secret of the fact that I was mere flesh and blood. My rivals were the ablest generals in the world，commanding the best soldiers in the world；I warred not with Medes or Assyrians，who fly before they are pursued，and yield the victory to him that dares take it.

Alexander，on the other hand，in increasing and extending as he did the dominion which he had inherited from his father，was but following the impetus given to him by Fortune. And this conqueror had no sooner crushed his puny adversary by the victories of Issus and Arbela，than he forsook the traditions of his country，and lived the life of a Persian；accepting the prostrations of his subjects，assassinating his friends at his own table，or handing them over to the executioner. I in my command respected the freedom of my country，delayed not to obey her summons，when the enemy with their huge armament invaded Libya，laid aside the privileges of my office，and submitted to my sentence without a murmur. Yet I was a barbarian all unskilled in Greek culture；I could not recite Homer，nor had I enjoyed the advantages of Aristotle.s instruction；I had to make a shift with such qualities as were mine by nature .—It is on these grounds that I claim the pre⁃eminence. My rival has indeed all the lustre that attaches to the wearing of a diadem，and—I know not—for Macedonians such things may have charms：but I cannot think that this circumstance constitutes a higher claim than the courage and genius of one who owed nothing to Fortune，and everything to his own resolution.

Mi. Not bad，for a Libyan .—Well，Alexander，what do you say to that？

Alex. Silence，Minos，would be the best answer to such confident self⁃assertion. The tongue of Fame will suffice of itself to convince you that I was a great prince，and my opponent a petty adventurer. But I would have you consider the distance between us. Called to the throne while I was yet a boy，I quelled the disorders of my kingdom，and avenged my father.s murder. By the destruction of Thebes，I inspired the Greeks with such awe，that they appointed me their commander⁃in⁃chief；and from that moment，scorning to confine myself to the kingdom that I inherited from my father，I extended my gaze over the entire face of the earth，and thought it shame if I should govern less than the whole. With a small force I invaded Asia，gained a great victory on the Granicus，took Lydia，Ionia，Phrygia，—in short，subdued all that was within my reach，before I commenced my march for Issus，where Darius was waiting for me at the head of his myriads. You know the sequel：yourselves can best say what was the number of the dead whom on one day I dispatched hither. The ferryman tells me that his boat would not hold them；most of them had to come across on rafts of their own construction. In these enterprises，I was ever at the head of my troops，ever courted danger. To say nothing of Tyre and Arbela，I penetrated into India，and carried my empire to the shores of Ocean；I captured elephants；I conquered Porus；I crossed the Tanais，and worsted the Scythians—no mean enemies—in a tremendous cavalry engagement. I heaped benefits upon my friends：I made my enemies taste my resentment. If men took me for a god，I cannot blame them；the vastness of my undertakings might excuse such a belief. But to conclude，I died a king：Hannibal，a fugitive at the court of the Bithynian Prusias—fitting end for villany and cruelty. Of his Italian victories I say nothing；they were the fruit not of honest legitimate warfare，but of treachery，craft，and dissimulation. He taunts me with self⁃indulgence：my illustrious friend has surely forgotten the pleasant time he spent in Capua among the ladies，while the precious moments fleeted by. Had I not scorned the Western world，and turned my attention to the East，what would it have cost me to make the bloodless conquest of Italy，and Libya，and all，as far West as Gades？ But nations that already cowered beneath a master were unworthy of my sword .—I have finished，Minos，and await your decision；of the many arguments I might have used，these shall suffice.

Sci. First，Minos，let me speak.

Mi. And who are you，friend？ and where do you come from？

Sci. I am Scipio，the Roman general，who destroyed Carthage，and gained great victories over the Libyans.

Mi. Well，and what have you to say？

Sci. That Alexander is my superior，and I am Hannibal.s，having defeated him，and driven him to ignominious flight. What impudence is this，to contend with Alexander，to whom I，your conqueror，would not presume to compare myself！

Mi. Honestly spoken，Scipio，on my word！ Very well，then：Alexander comes first，and you next；and I think we must say Hannibal third. And a very creditable third，too.

注：Alexander，或Alexander the Great （356 BC －323 BC），即亚历山大大帝，古代马其顿帝国的国王。亚历山大小的时候就深受荷马史诗中的英雄人物影响。他的父亲聘请了亚里士多德作他的导师。他的口才、文学修养以及对各种知识的兴趣一定程度上受益于亚里士多德。亚历山大 20 岁继位为王，30 岁前建立了横跨欧亚非的马其顿帝国。他从未战败过，是人类有史以来最成功的军事指挥家。 Hannibal（247 BC －183 BC），中译名为汉尼拔，北非古国迦太基和人类军事史上的名将。 Minos，中译名米诺斯，是希腊神话中克里特的第一代国王，宙斯和欧罗巴之子。他死后成为冥府的判官。米诺文明就是以他的名字命名的。 Scipio（236 BC －184 ／183 BC），中译名西庇阿，为古罗马统帅和政治家。西庇阿和汉尼拔是第二次布匿战争中罗马和迦太基双方的主将。西庇阿在扎马战役中打败了汉尼拔，罗马人因此取得第二次布匿战争的胜利。